Análisis oferta-demanda de la formación médica continuada en un hospital de tercer nivel

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Cirugía. Fecha de lectura: 11-Mayo-200

Training model for integral treatment of patients with eating disorders resistant to change

La necesidad de buscar tratamientos eficaces para los pacientes con Anorexia o Bulimia nerviosa ha inducido a los profesionales que les atienden a elaborar nuevas formas de tratamiento que tengan en cuenta las variables causantes de su resistencia al cambio. Los pacientes del presente estudio (2006-2009) presentan las siguientes características: 340 pacientes que llevan 7 o más años de evolución y/ o han intentado numerosos tratamiento previos sin que se haya logrado iniciar y/o mantener los cambios deseados, que les hayan permitido recuperarse de forma estable. En cuanto al tratamiento propuesto, la relación paciente-equipo terapéutico se apoya en los principios del modelo de capacitación. Éste, considera al paciente de forma integral, le informa y le provee de recursos para que incremente su compromiso de cambio. Enseña al paciente a cuidarse física y psíquicamente como medio de recuperar su salud y salir del trastorno de forma estable. Incluye a los familiares como apoyo esencial en la recuperación de su allegado/a. Los terapeutas requieren amplia experiencia en el tratamiento de TCA, flexibilidad, capacidad para integrarse con otros compañeros aunque utilicen modelos teóricos diferentes, habilidades para realizar sesiones grupales, capacidad para manejar emociones negativas y tolerancia a la frustración. Finalmente, el modelo que a continuación se presenta se ha puesto en práctica, ha recuperado a pacientes cuya permanencia en el trastorno superaba 15 años de evolución y laboralmente tenían la invalidez permanenteThe need to find effective treatments for patients with Anorexia or Bulimia nervosa has led to the professionals who care for them to develop new forms of treatment that take into account the variables that cause resistance to change. Patients in this study (2006-2009) have the following characteristics: 340 patients who have 7 or more years of evolution and/or have tried numerous previous treatments without having succeeded in starting and / or maintaining the desired changes, that allowed them to recover steadily. As the proposed treatment, the patienttreatment team is based on the principles of the training model. It considers the patient holistically, it informs and provides him with resources to increase its commitment to change. Teaches the patient to take care physically and mentally as a way to regain their health and leave the disorder in a stable way. Includes family members as essential support in the recovery of their closest. Therapists require extensive experience in the treatment of ED, flexibility, ability to integrate with other team members even if they use different theoretical models, skills for group sessions, ability to handle negative emotions and frustration tolerance. Finally, the model presented below has been implemented, recovered patients whose stay in the disorder exceeded 15 years of development and led to permanent occupational disabilit

Comparison of different constitutive models to characterize the viscoelastic properties of human abdominal adipose tissue. A pilot study

Knowing the mechanical properties of human adipose tissue is key to simulate surgeries such as liposuction, mammoplasty and many plastic surgeries in which the subcutaneous fat is present. One of the most important surgeries, for its incidence, is the breast reconstruction surgery that follows a mastectomy. In this case, achieving a deformed shape similar to the healthy breast is crucial. The reconstruction is most commonly made using autologous tissue, taken from the patient's abdomen. The amount of autologous tissue and its mechanical properties have a strong influence on the shape of the reconstructed breast. In this work, the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the human adipose tissue have been studied. Uniaxial compression stress relaxation tests were performed in adipose tissue specimens extracted from the human abdomen. Two different viscoelastic models were used to fit to the experimental tests: a quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model and an internal variables viscoelastic (IVV) model; each one with four different hyperelastic strain energy density functions to characterise the elastic response: a 5-terms polynomial function, a first order Ogden function, an isotropic Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel function and a combination of a neoHookean and an exponential function. The IVV model with the Ogden function was the best combination to fit the experimental tests. The viscoelastic properties are not important in the simulation of the static deformed shape of the breast, but they are needed in a relaxation test performed under finite strain rate, particularly, to derive the long-term behaviour (as time tends to infinity), needed to estimate the static deformed shape of the breast. The so obtained stiffness was compared with previous results given in the literature for adipose tissue of different regions, which exhibited a wide dispersion.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2011-2808

Dispositivo de fijación, cierre y acoplamiento para catéter de perfusión intravenosa

Introducción: los medios de fijación a la piel de un catéter venoso periférico, de un catéter venoso central o de un catéter arterial central presentan los siguientes graves inconvenientes: ser la sede de infecciones a nivel del lugar de la punción, provocar una saturación de la zona anatómica, la cual resulta muy difícil de soportar e incómodo para el paciente portador, y suponer un riesgo para el personal de enfermería cuando se usan hilos de sutura para fijar el soporte del catéter. Objetivo: por lo anteriormente expuesto, se ha detectado la necesidad de diseñar un dispositivo que reduzca la complejidad y aparatosidad de los sistemas conocidos y empleados en la actualidad, favoreciendo la asepsia y la movilidad del paciente. Método: el desarrollo presentado en este artículo se refiere a un sistema mecánico de fijación, cierre y acoplamiento para catéter de perfusión intravenosa. El sistema dispone de una pieza circular de pequeño espesor con al menos dos orificios para su fijación subcutánea, centralmente de uno o más conductos para acoplar lúmenes, y de una parte cilíndrica hueca que sobresale a uno de los lados, exteriormente roscada e interiormente lisa con un tetón de posición. Para uso domiciliario se dispone de un tapón de estanqueidad con uno o más tubos de pequeño diámetro que se acoplan en los orificios para lúmenes, una ranura de posición, un tirador y un tapón roscado ciego para el cierre hermético con la parte roscada. Para uso hospitalario se dispone de un tapón intermedio con una o más entradas para lúmenes, así como de un tapón roscado hueco que permite su acoplamiento hermético con la parte roscada. Resultados: el desarrollo descrito en este artículo va a ser utilizado en dos ambientes: ambiente domiciliario y ambiente hospitalario. Además, reduce el riesgo de infección y saturación de la zona anatómica de los pacientes en los que se realiza la punción cutánea en la que se fijan catéteres venosos periféricos, catéteres venosos centrales o catéteres arteriales centralesIntroduction: skin fixing devices in peripheral, central or arterial catheters have several important drawbacks: site infection, stacking of material in the anatomical area which is very annoying for the patient and medical staff risk when fixating stitches are used. Objective: to develop a fixing device that simplifies presently used systems, favoring asepsis and motility. Methods: the device herein described is composed by a mechanical fixation, a closing system and coupling for intravenous catheters. The system has a thin circular piece with at least two holes for subcutaneous fixation, one or several conducts for lumina and a hollow cylindrical part in one side, screwed exteriorly and flat inside, with an oriented protuberance. A watertight plug with one or several thin tubes that adapt to the lumina, a positional slot, a handle and a solid screwed tap for perfect closure are available for at home use. An intermediate plug with one or several lumina and a screwed hollow plug are provided for in hospital use. Results: the above described device is intended to be used in two settings: in hospital and at home. It is supposed to reduce the risk of infection and stacking of the anatomical site where cutaneo us puncture with fixation of peripheral, central or arterial catheters is performe

Comparison of the viscoelastic properties of human abdominal and breast adipose tissue and its incidence on breast reconstruction surgery. A pilot study

Background: Breast cancer is the leading malignant tumor in women in the world. Reconstruction after mastectomy plays a key role in the physical and psychological recuperation, being the abdominal skin and adipose tissue the best current option for the DIEP surgery. The aim of the surgery is to obtain a reconstructed breast which looks and behaves naturally. Therefore, it would be useful to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the adipose tissue in the abdomen and breast to compare their mechanical properties, also investigating possible regional differences. Methods: Experimental tests have been carried out in breast and abdominal adipose tissue samples, obtaining their viscoelastic properties. The specimens have been subjected to uniaxial compression relaxation tests and a mechanical behaviour model has been fitted to the experimental curves. Afterwards, statistical analyses have been used to detect differences between different individuals' abdominal fat tissue and finally between different areas of the same individual's breast and abdominal adipose tissue. Findings: Several conclusions could be extracted from the results: 1) inter-individual differences may exist in the abdominal adipose tissue; 2) the breast fat could be regarded as a unique tissue from the mechanical point of view; 3) significant differences were detected between the superficial breast and all the locations of the abdomen, except for the superficial lateral one and 4) the mechanical properties of the abdominal adipose tissue seem to change with the depth. These conclusions can be of great value for DIEP surgeries and other surgeries in which the adipose tissue is involved.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2011-2808

Multicomponent Ni-CeO2 nanocatalysts for syngas production from CO2/CH4 mixtures

The dry reforming of methane with CO2 is a common route to transform CO2/CH4 mixtures into added value syngas. Ni based catalysts are highly active for this goal but suffer from deactivation, as such promoters need to be introduced to counteract this, and improve performance. In this study, mono- and bi-metallic formulations based on 10 wt.% Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 are explored and compared to a reference 10 wt.% Ni/γ-Al2O3. The effect of Sn and Pt as promoters of Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 was also investigated. The formulation promoted with Sn looked especially promising, showing CO2 conversions stabilising at 65% after highs of 95%. Its increased performance is attributed to the additional dispersion Sn promotion causes. Changes in the reaction conditions (space velocity and temperature) cement this idea, with the Ni-Sn/CeAl material performing superiorly to the mono-metallic material, showing less deactivation. However, in the long run it is noted that the mono-metallic Ni/CeAl performs better. As such the application is key when deciding which catalyst to employ in the dry reforming process.EPSRC under the projects EP/R512904/1 and EP/K036548/2Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ENE2015-66975- C3-2-R) co-financed by FEDER funds from the European UnionJunta de Andalucía (TEP-8196) co-financed by FEDER funds from the European Unio

Carbon Supported Gold Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol

This work is a detailed study on how to optimize gold colloids preparation and their deposition to very different in nature carbon materials. The change of the continuous phase and its dielectric constant is used to assure the good dispersion of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic carbons and the successful transfer of the preformed small size colloids to their surface. The sintering behavior of the particles during the calcination step is also studied and the optimal conditions to reduce to a minimum the particle size increase during the protecting agent removal phase are found. The as prepared catalysts have been tested in a relevant reaction in the field of environmental catalysis such as the reduction of 4-nitrophenol leading to promising results. Overall, this work proposes an important methodology to follow when a carbonaceous material are selected as catalyst supports for green chemistry reactions.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades ENE2017-82451-C3-3-RFEDE

Catalizador de oro soportado en CuO/ZnO/Al2O3, procedimiento de preparación y uso

La presente invención se refiere la síntesis y aplicación de catalizadores de oro soportado en óxidos mixtos CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 preparados a partir de sus correspondientes sólidos con estructura hidrotalcita como catalizadores en la reacción de desplazamiento de gas de agua, para uso en procesadores de combustible acoplados a celdas de combustibles.Españ

Pediatric Chagas disease in the non-endemic area of Madrid: A fifteen-year review (2004-2018)

Background: Chagas disease (CD) has become an emerging global health problem in association with the immigration of individuals from endemic areas (in LatinAmerica) to other countries.Spain is the country in Europe with the highest number of CD cases. Concerning pediatric CD, treatment is not only better tolerated by younger children but also has greater cure possibilities. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and epidemiological aspects of CD in a pediatric population diagnosed of 10 hospitals in the Community of Madrid during the 2004-2018 period, as well as the safety and efficacy of CD treatment on this population. Methodology/principal findings: A multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted. The studied population included all identified children under the age of 18 with a diagnosis of CD. Diagnosis was performed with a positive parasitological test (with subsequent confirmation) or confirmed persistence of positive serology beyond 9 months, for children younger than one year-old, and with two different positive serological tests, for children older than one. Fifty-one children were included (59% male; 50.9% born in Spain). All mothers were from Latin America. The median age at diagnosis was 0.7 months for those under one year of age, and 11.08 years for those older than one year-old. Only one case presented a symptomatic course (hydrops faetalis, haemodynamic instability at birth, ascites, anaemia). For 94% treatment was completed. Considering patients who received benznidazole (47), AE were recorded in 48,9%. Among the 32 patients older than one year-old treated with benznidazole, 18 (56.25%) had adverse events whereas in the 15 under one year, 5(33,3%) did. Eigtheen (78.2%) of the patients with benznidazole AE were older than one year-old(median age 11.4 years). Of the patients treated with nifurtimox (9), AE were reported in 3 cases (33,3%). Cure was confirmed in 80% of the children under one year-old vs 4.3% in those older (p<0.001). Loss to follow- up occurred in 35.3% of patients. Conclusions/significances: Screening programs of CD since birth allow early diagnosis and treatment, with a significantly higher cure rate in children treated before one year of age, with lower incidence of adverse events. The high proportion of patients lost to follow-up in this vulnerable population is of concern.S