« La phrase à 2 pattes » pour favoriser l’entrée en littéracie à des publics en difficulté

International audienceThe syntactic structure of the sentence is often seen as an isolated concept, with no regard to the text's characteristics. As a result, students have difficulties in finding the meaning of grammatical activities and relate their own knowledge to new school contents. In this contribution we present a simple grammatical tool based on Aristotle's logic, which allows all learners to access and understand the syntactic analysis and the French grammar system, while clarifying the implications of the situation for written production.La notion de phrase, centrale pour la production de texte, est souvent abordée comme un tout isolé, ce qui ne permet pas à des apprenants en difficultés à comprendre le lien qui peut exister entre leurs connaissances des textes et ce sur quoi ils travaillent à l'école. Le modèle de la phrase à deux pattes, d'apparence simpliste, permet de mettre à la portée de tous les apprenants des analyses de la proposition qui trouvent leur origine dès l'Antiquité. Nous montrerons en quoi il est utile de clarifier l'enjeu des situations d'écriture pour les élèves, quels qu'ils soient, et en quoi le modèle que nous proposons peut être le moyen de lier conceptualisation du système de la langue et pratique langagière de l'écrit

Development of a methodology to evaluate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) under changing climate conditions: Application to southern Quebec, Canada

Climate change (CC) needs to be accounted for in the estimation of probable maximum floods (PMFs). However, there does not exist a unique way to estimate PMFs and, furthermore the challenge in estimating them is that they should neither be underestimated for safety reasons nor overestimated for economical ones. By estimating PMFs without accounting for CC, the risk of underestimation could be high for Quebec, Canada, since future climate simulations indicate that in all likelihood extreme precipitation events will intensify. In this paper, simulation outputs from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) are used to develop a methodology to estimate probable maximum precipitations (PMPs) while accounting for changing climate conditions for the southern region of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Kénogami and Yamaska watersheds are herein of particular interest, since dam failures could lead to major downstream impacts. Precipitable water (w) represents one of the key variables in the estimation process of PMPs. Results of stationary tests indicate that CC will not only affect precipitation and temperature but also the monthly maximum precipitable water, wmax, and the ensuing maximization ratio used for the estimation of PMPs. An up-to-date computational method is developed to maximize w using a non-stationary frequency analysis, and then calculate the maximization ratios. The ratios estimated this way are deemed reliable since they rarely exceed threshold values set for Quebec, and, therefore, provide consistent PMP estimates. The results show an overall significant increase of the PMPs throughout the current century compared to the recent past

Aim

Identify factors to consider in a development of the digital platform that aim to facilitate PWDs’ access to physical activities and sport

Methods

The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI (Peters et al., 2020) and Levac et al. (2010) methodology for scoping reviews

Search strategy for scientific and grey literature

The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished sources from the scientific and grey literature as well as relevant websites and reports. For the scientific literature, an initial search of Medline (Ovid) was undertaken to identify articles on the topic. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts of relevant articles, and the index terms used to describe the articles were used to develop a full search strategy for four electronic databases and information sources. Databases to be searched include Medline (Ovid), Web Of Science, Cinhal and Embase. The search was conducted in August 2022 with the three following concepts: 1) Adults with physical and/or sensory disability, 2) Digital platform, and 3) Sport or physical activity. The search strategy collaboratively developed by the research team based on the PICO framework (Richardson et al., 1995), including all identified keywords and index terms, will be adapted by the librarian for each included database and/or information source. The reference list of all included sources of evidence will be screened for additional studies.  For the grey literature, a search will be performed in Advanced Search - Google search engine. Google search requires creating several search strategies containing multiple combinations of search terms. Thirty-two unique search strategies were applied to Advanced Search - Google. Each search was repeated using a VPN with IP addresses based in the following countries: Canada, USA, France, Belgium, UK, and Australia. A comprehensive Internet search is impossible; thus, relying on the power of relevancy ranking within Google search engine, only the first five pages of each search’s hits (i.e., 50 results) will be reviewed, using the title and short descriptive text underneath. This number of pages was chosen to capture many of the most relevant hits while providing a volume feasible for screening. Potentially relevant records will be added to a file in Zotero© shared by the research team and then each source will be entered into an Excel spreadsheet for screening purposes

Inclusion criteria

Sources tackling access of physical activities or sport of people with physical or sensory deficiency through the means of digital platforms. Peer-reviewed empirical studies regardless of their methodologies (qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods), thesis, governmental reports, not-for profit community organization websites, websites presenting mobile app. Only Sources published in English or French will be included to be understood by the entire research team

Data Extraction

The whole research team collaboratively identified the variables to be extracted from included papers. An Excel chart and a reading card template was developed to gather these variables. Data were extracted from papers included in the scoping review by two or more independent reviewers.  The draft of the data extraction tool will be modified and revised as necessary during the process of extracting data from each included evidence source. Modifications will be detailed in the scoping review. Authors of papers will be contacted to request missing or additional data, where required. The results of the search and the study inclusion process are presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram (Liberati et al., 2009). Charted data was then analyzed descriptively and presented in tables to synthesize information

Source of Evidence selection

The study selection process included four steps (Levac et al., 2010): 1) identifying the relevant studies from the literature, 2) screening the studies by applying the selection criteria to the titles and abstracts, 3) defining the eligibility of the studies by applying criteria to the full papers, and 4) the inclusion of the studies by re-applying criteria to the full papers during data extraction. For the first step (identification), following the search, all identified citations will be collated and uploaded into Covidence version (Veritas Health Innovation, 2022) and duplicates removed. For the second, third and fourth steps (screening, eligibility and inclusion), two reviewers among CHF, NL, DL, EVB and CC independently completed the assessment against the inclusion criteria and documented the reasons for exclusion to report them in the scoping review. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers at each stage of the selection process will be resolved through discussion, or with an additional, more experienced reviewer. Percentage of agreement was calculated for each of these steps (the target was a minimum of 70 %)