17 research outputs found

    CTD kinase I is required for the integrity of the rDNA tandem array

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    The genomic stability of the rDNA tandem array is tightly controlled to allow sequence homogenization and to prevent deleterious rearrangements. In this report, we show that the absence of the yeast CTD kinase I (CTDK-I) complex in null mutant strains leads to a decrease in the number of tandem rDNA repeats. Reintroduction of the missing gene induces an increase of rDNA repeats to reach a copy number similar to that of the original strain. Interestingly, while expansion is dependent on Fob1, a protein required for replication fork blocking activity in rDNA, contraction occurs in the absence of Fob1. Furthermore, silencing of class II genes at the rDNA, a process connected to rDNA stability, is not affected. Ctk1, the kinase subunit of the CTDK-I complex is involved in various steps of mRNA synthesis. In addition, we have recently shown that Ctk1 is also implicated in rRNA synthesis. The results suggest that the RNA polymerase I transcription defect occurring in a ctk1 mutant strain causes rDNA contraction

    Le complexe CTD Kinase-I est requis pour le maintien de l'intégrité du locus RDN1 chez la levure S. cerevisiae

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    Chez la levure S. cerevisiae, le complexe CTDK-I a été initialement identifié comme étant impliqué dans la transcription catalysée par l ARN polymérase II. Au laboratoire, nous avons montré que la kinase CTDK-I est également impliquée dans la transcription catalysée par l ARN polymérase I (Pol I) (Bouchoux et al., 2004). La Pol I transcrit un gène unique (ADNr) codant le précurseur 35S des ARN ribosomiques. Ce gène est répété 150 fois en tandem au niveau du locus RDN1 sur le chromosome XII. Le nombre de répétitions, normalement maintenu stable, peut être affecté, notamment en cas de défaillance du système de transcription par la Pol I. Au cours de ma thèse, j ai montré que le complexe CTDK-I est requis pour l intégrité du locus RDN1. En effet, l absence d activité de ce complexe provoque systématiquement une réduction importante du nombre de copies d ADNr présentes dans la cellule. Ce phénomène de contraction est réversible : le nombre de répétitions revient à son niveau initial après complémentation des cellules mutantes avec le gène CTK manquant. La contraction semble spécifique du locus RDN1 car elle ne touche pas d autres régions répétées du génome. Nous avons également montré qu elle ne dépend pas de la protéine Fob1, une protéine nucléolaire impliquée dans la recombinaison au niveau de l ADNr. De façon intéressante, la contraction du locus RDN1 observée chez les mutants ctk ne s accompagne pas d une augmentation de la recombinaison au niveau de l ADNr, et semble plutôt résulter d évènements uniques d excision de plusieurs copies d ADNr. Si le mécanisme moléculaire de ce phénomène n est pas encore élucidé, l ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent qu il soit causé par un défaut de la transcription par la Pol I et/ou la diminution de l expression de Sir2, une protéine requise pour assurer la stabilité et l homogénéité du locus RDN1.PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude de Ctk1, une CTD kinase impliquée dans la transcription par l'ARN polymérase I chez saccharomyces cerevisiae

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    PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude de l'effet de la privation de sommeil sur la mémoire consolidée chez Drosophila melanogaster

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    S il est de plus en plus évident que le sommeil joue un rôle crucial dans la consolidation de la mémoire, nous ne connaissons toujours pas le rôle exact joué par le sommeil lors de ce processus. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de mieux comprendre les interactions sommeil/mémoire. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d étudier chez la drosophile l effet de courtes privations de sommeil sur la consolidation de la mémoire aversive olfactive. Nous avons utilisé un protocole de conditionnement pavlovien qui permet aux drosophiles d'associer une odeur à des chocs électriques. En fonction du conditionnement qui est réalisé, deux types de mémoires consolidées peuvent être formées: la Mémoire Résistante à l'Anesthésie (MRA) et la Mémoire à Long Terme (MLT). Contrairement à la MRA, la MLT dont la formation est dépendante d une néo synthèse protéique est couteuse en énergie. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que MRA et MLT sont toutes deux affectées par de courtes privation de sommeil, mais qu elles deviennent insensibles à de telles privations si le test mnésique est réalisé en fin de journée. Ces résultats mettent à jour : i) une interaction fonctionnelle entre les étapes de consolidation et de rappel mnésiques, et ii) l influence de facteurs circadiens sur la sensibilité de la mémoire aux privations de sommeil. De plus, mes résultats montrent qu une privation de sommeil ayant lieu juste après le conditionnement exerce un effet bénéfique sur la consolidation de la mémoire. Ce travail met donc en évidence la corrélation complexe qui existe entre le rythme circadien, le sommeil, et les étapes de consolidation et de rappel des mémoires consolidéesIf it is now widely accepted that sleep is important for memory consolidation, we do not know the exact role of sleep in this process. The purpose of my thesis project was to dissect the relationship between sleep and memory. To do so, we have analyzed the impact of short sleep deprivations on olfactory memory consolidation in Drosophila. In flies, a conditioning session, consisting of an odor associated with electric shocks, induces associative olfactory memory. A massed conditioning generates a consolidated memory form called Anesthesia Resistant Memory (ARM), whereas a spaced conditioning, with rest intervals, induces Long-Term Memory (LTM). ARM and LTM can both last for days but, importantly, unlike ARM, LTM is an energetically costly memory that depends on de novo protein synthesis. My results show that sleep deprivations affect LTM and, more unexpectedly, also ARM. This effect can be compensated at the step of memory retrieval if flies are tested just before lights-off, a period associated to an increase in fly locomotor activity. These results highlight: i) a functional interaction between the consolidation and the memory retrieval steps, and ii) that circadian factors influence the memory sensibility to sleep loss. Lastly, we have also shown that a sleep deprivation taking place right after conditioning, not only does not impair memory, but exerts a positive effect on memory consolidation. This work points to complex correlations between circadian rhythms, sleep, and the retrieval step of consolidated memories in DrosophilaPARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Amnesiac Is Required in the Adult Mushroom Body for Memory Formation

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    Amyloid-β Peptide Exacerbates the Memory Deficit Caused by Amyloid Precursor Protein Loss-of-Function in Drosophila.

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    The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP can undergo two exclusive proteolytic pathways: cleavage by the α-secretase initiates the non-amyloidogenic pathway while cleavage by the β-secretase initiates the amyloidogenic pathway that leads, after a second cleavage by the γ-secretase, to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that can form toxic extracellular deposits, a hallmark of AD. The initial events leading to AD are still unknown. Importantly, aside from Aβ toxicity whose molecular mechanisms remain elusive, several studies have shown that APP plays a positive role in memory, raising the possibility that APP loss-of-function may participate to AD. We previously showed that APPL, the Drosophila APP ortholog, is required for associative memory in young flies. In the present report, we provide the first analysis of the amyloidogenic pathway's influence on memory in the adult. We show that transient overexpression of the β-secretase in the mushroom bodies, the center for olfactory memory, did not alter memory. In sharp contrast, β-secretase overexpression affected memory when associated with APPL partial loss-of-function. Interestingly, similar results were observed with Drosophila Aβ peptide. Because Aβ overexpression impaired memory only when combined to APPL partial loss-of-function, the data suggest that Aβ affects memory through the APPL pathway. Thus, memory is altered by two connected mechanisms-APPL loss-of-function and amyloid peptide toxicity-revealing in Drosophila a functional interaction between APPL and amyloid peptide

    Debra, a protein mediating lysosomal degradation, is required for long-term memory in Drosophila

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    A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how neural circuits encode memory and guide behavior changes. Many of the molecular mechanisms underlying memory are conserved from flies to mammals, and Drosophila has been used extensively to study memory processes. To identify new genes involved in long-term memory, we screened Drosophila enhancer-trap P(Gal4) lines showing Gal4 expression in the mushroom bodies, a specialized brain structure involved in olfactory memory. This screening led to the isolation of a memory mutant that carries a P-element insertion in the debra locus. debra encodes a protein involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway as a mediator of protein degradation by the lysosome. To study debra's role in memory, we achieved debra overexpression, as well as debra silencing mediated by RNA interference. Experiments conducted with a conditional driver that allowed us to specifically restrict transgene expression in the adult mushroom bodies led to a long-term memory defect. Several conclusions can be drawn from these results: i) debra levels must be precisely regulated to support normal long-term memory, ii) the role of debra in this process is physiological rather than developmental, and iii) debra is specifically required for long-term memory, as it is dispensable for earlier memory phases. Drosophila long-term memory is the only long-lasting memory phase whose formation requires de novo protein synthesis, a process underlying synaptic plasticity. It has been shown in several organisms that regulation of proteins at synapses occurs not only at translation level of but also via protein degradation, acting in remodeling synapses. Our work gives further support to a role of protein degradation in long-term memory, and suggests that the lysosome plays a role in this process

    dBACE overexpression in adult MB does not alter memory.

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    <p>Flies were fed with RU for 48 h before conditioning to induce <i>UAS-dBACE</i> transgene expression. STM assessed 2 h after one training session is not affected. The score of <i>MBSw</i>/<i>dBACE</i> flies is not different from that of the genetic control groups (<i>F</i><sub>(2,77)</sub> = 4.048, *<i>p</i> = 0.0214, <i>n</i> ≥ 24, Newman–Keuls <i>post-hoc</i>, <i>MBSw</i>/<i>dBACE</i> vs +/<i>dBACE p</i> > 0.05, <i>MBSw</i>/<i>dBACE</i> vs <i>MBSw</i>/+ <i>p</i> > 0.05). Bars, Mean ± SEM. PI, Performance index.</p
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