234 research outputs found
Thermoelectric enhancement in PbTe with K, Na co-doping from tuning the interaction of the light and heavy hole valence bands
The effect of K and K-Na substitution for Pb atoms in the rock salt lattice
of PbTe was investigated to test a hypothesis for development of resonant
states in the valence band that may enhance the thermoelectric power. We
combined high temperature Hall-effect, electrical conductivity and thermal
conductivity measurements to show that K-Na co-doping do not form resonance
states but2 can control the energy difference of the maxima of the two primary
valence sub-bands in PbTe. This leads to an enhanced interband interaction with
rising temperature and a significant rise in the thermoelectric figure of merit
of p-type PbTe. The experimental data can be explained by a combination of a
single and two-band model for the valence band of PbTe depending on hole
density that varies in the range of 1-15 x 10^19 cm^-3.Comment: 8 figure
Disorder suppression and precise conductance quantization in constrictions of PbTe quantum wells
Conductance quantization was measured in submicron constrictions of PbTe,
patterned into narrow,12 nm wide quantum wells deposited between
PbEuTe barriers. Because the quantum confinement imposed by
the barriers is much stronger than the lateral one, the one-dimensional
electron energy level structure is very similar to that usually met in
constrictions of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures. However, in contrast to any
other system studied so far, we observe precise conductance quantization in
units, {\it despite of significant amount of charged defects in the
vicinity of the constriction}. We show that such extraordinary results is a
consequence of the paraelectric properties of PbTe, namely, the suppression of
long-range tails of the Coulomb potentials due to the huge dielectric constant.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Heat Capacity of PbS: Isotope Effects
In recent years, the availability of highly pure stable isotopes has made
possible the investigation of the dependence of the physical properties of
crystals, in particular semiconductors, on their isotopic composition.
Following the investigation of the specific heat (, ) of monatomic
crystals such as diamond, silicon, and germanium, similar investigations have
been undertaken for the tetrahedral diatomic systems ZnO and GaN (wurtzite
structure), for which the effect of the mass of the cation differs from that of
the anion. In this article we present measurements for a semiconductor with
rock salt structure, namely lead sulfide. Because of the large difference in
the atomic mass of both constituents (= 207.21 and (=32.06 a.m.u., for the natural isotopic abundance) the effects of varying
the cation and that of the anion mass are very different for this canonical
semiconductor. We compare the measured temperature dependence of , and the corresponding derivatives with respect to ( and
), with \textit{\textit{ab initio}} calculations based on the
lattice dynamics obtained from the local density approximation (LDA) electronic
band structure. Quantitative deviations between theory and experiment are
attributed to the absence of spin-orbit interaction in the ABINIT program used
for the electronic band structure calculations.Comment: 17 pages including 10 Fig
A Neptune Orbiter Concept Using Drag Modulated Aerocaptue (DMA) and the Adaptable, Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT)
Conceptual Neptune orbiter was designed for the purpose of assessing mission feasibilityBuilt off of the 2017 Pre-Decadal Study, but adapted for drag modulation aerocapture.Science payload includes: Narrow Angle camera, Doppler Imager, Magnetometer, Atmospheric Probe (w/ ASI, Nephelometer, Mass Spectrometer). Baseline concept of operations releases probe prior to orbit insertion, but investigations are ongoing to assess the feasibility of bringing the probe to orbit before release
Microscopic mechanism of low thermal conductivity in lead-telluride
The microscopic physics behind low lattice thermal conductivity of single
crystal rocksalt lead telluride (PbTe) is investigated. Mode-dependent phonon
(normal and umklapp) scattering rates and their impact on thermal conductivity
were quantified by the first-principles-based anharmonic lattice dynamics
calculations that accurately reproduce thermal conductivity in a wide
temperature range. The low thermal conductivity of PbTe is attributed to the
scattering of longitudinal acoustic phonons by transverse optical phonons with
large anharmonicity, and small group velocity of the soft transverse acoustic
phonons. This results in enhancing the relative contribution of optical
phonons, which are usually minor heat carrier in bulk materials.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Chemical composition tuning in quaternary p-type Pb-chalcogenides – a promising strategy for enhanced thermoelectric performance
Recently a significant improvement in the thermoelectric performance of p-type ternary PbTe–PbSe and PbTe–PbS systems has been realized through alternating the electronic band structure and introducing nano-scale precipitates to bulk materials respectively. However, the quaternary system of PbTe–PbSe–PbS has received less attention. In the current work, we have excluded phase complexity by fabricating single phase sodium doped PbTe, alloyed with PbS up to its solubility limit which is extended to larger concentrations than in the ternary system of PbTe–PbS due to the presence of PbSe. We have presented a thermoelectric efficiency of approximately 1.6 which is superior to ternary PbTe–PbSe and PbTe–PbS at similar carrier concentrations and the binary PbTe, PbSe and PbS alloys. The quaternary system shows a larger Seebeck coefficient than the ternary PbTe–PbSe alloy, indicative of a wider band gap, valence band energy offset and heavier carriers effective mass. In addition, the existence of PbS in the alloy further reduces the lattice thermal conductivity originated from phonon scattering on solute atoms with high contrast atomic mass. Single phase quaternary PbTe–PbSe–PbS alloys are promising thermoelectric materials that provide high performance through adjusting the electronic band structure by regulating chemical composition
Serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients: a case-control study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies. Whether prostate cancer (PCa) - an important health issue in the aging male population in the Western world - belongs to these conditions has been a matter of research since the 1970 s. Persistent serum antibodies are a proof of present or past infection. The aim of this study was to compare serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents between PCa patients and controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). We hypothesized that elevated serum antibody levels or higher seroprevalence in PCa patients would suggest an association of genitourinary infection in patient history and elevated PCa risk.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 434 males who had undergone open prostate surgery in a single institution were included in the study: 329 PCa patients and 105 controls with BPH. The subjects' serum samples were analysed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation test and indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of antibodies against common genitourinary infectious agents: human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum. Antibody seroprevalence and mean serum antibody levels were compared between cases and controls. Tumour grade and stage were correlated with serological findings.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>PCa patients were more likely to harbour antibodies against Ureaplasma urealyticum (odds ratio (OR) 2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-4.28). Men with BPH were more often seropositive for HPV 18 and Chlamydia trachomatis (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09-0.61 and OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.21-0.99, respectively) and had higher mean serum CMV antibody levels than PCa patients (p = 0.0004). Among PCa patients, antibodies against HPV 6 were associated with a higher Gleason score (p = 0.0305).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Antibody seropositivity against the analyzed pathogens with the exception of Ureaplasma does not seem to be a risk factor for PCa pathogenesis. The presence or higher levels of serum antibodies against the genitourinary pathogens studied were not consistently associated with PCa. Serostatus was not a predictor of disease stage in the studied population.</p
Tectonic and magmatic patterns in the Jutulstraumen rift (?) region, East Antarctica, as imaged by high-resolution aeromagnetic data
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