44,931 research outputs found
A solar water heater for remote communities
The RADG has been developing a solar water heater suitable for use in remote areas. The original inspiration for this project was to provide hot water for remote Aboriginal communities. It was felt that a regular and plentiful supply of hot water would encourage showering and laundering and hence improve personal hygiene.
Electric, fuel burning and solar water heaters are currently used in some communities. Solar water heaters are attractive for remote areas because they stand alone i.e. they require no external fuel source. Wood has traditionally been used as a fuel by Aboriginal people, but in permanent communities the demand on this resource may have a large impact on the environment. Solar water heaters can help to reduce this demand
Unified molecular field theory of nematic, smectic-A, and smectic-C phases
A unified mean-field molecular theory of nematic (NU), smectic A (SmA), and smectic C (SmC) liquid crystal phases, composed of uniaxial nonpolar molecules, is developed taking into account the variation of all orientational and translational order parameters in these phases. Numerical results, obtained by direct global minimization of the free energy, are presented in the form of three typical phase diagrams of different topology. Temperature variation of the relevant order parameters in different sequences of phases is analyzed for various cross sections of the phase diagrams. The present model enables one to reproduce all possible sequences of phase transitions between the given phases including isotropic (Iso)-NU-SmA-SmC, Iso-NU-SmC, Iso-SmA-SmC, and Iso-SmC. The properties of the NAC point, where the NU, SmA, and SmC structures coexist, are considered in detail and the shape of the phase diagram in the vicinity of the NAC point is compared with existing experimental data
The magnetic fields of forming solar-like stars
Magnetic fields play a crucial role at all stages of the formation of low
mass stars and planetary systems. In the final stages, in particular, they
control the kinematics of in-falling gas from circumstellar discs, and the
launching and collimation of spectacular outflows. The magnetic coupling with
the disc is thought to influence the rotational evolution of the star, while
magnetised stellar winds control the braking of more evolved stars and may
influence the migration of planets. Magnetic reconnection events trigger
energetic flares which irradiate circumstellar discs with high energy particles
that influence the disc chemistry and set the initial conditions for planet
formation. However, it is only in the past few years that the current
generation of optical spectropolarimeters have allowed the magnetic fields of
forming solar-like stars to be probed in unprecedented detail. In order to do
justice to the recent extensive observational programs new theoretical models
are being developed that incorporate magnetic fields with an observed degree of
complexity. In this review we draw together disparate results from the
classical electromagnetism, molecular physics/chemistry, and the geophysics
literature, and demonstrate how they can be adapted to construct models of the
large scale magnetospheres of stars and planets. We conclude by examining how
the incorporation of multipolar magnetic fields into new theoretical models
will drive future progress in the field through the elucidation of several
observational conundrums.Comment: 55 pages, review article accepted for publication in Reports on
Progress in Physics. Astro-ph version includes additional appendice
Swarm behavior of self-propelled rods and swimming flagella
Systems of self-propelled particles are known for their tendency to aggregate
and to display swarm behavior. We investigate two model systems, self-propelled
rods interacting via volume exclusion, and sinusoidally-beating flagella
embedded in a fluid with hydrodynamic interactions. In the flagella system,
beating frequencies are Gaussian distributed with a non-zero average. These
systems are studied by Brownian-dynamics simulations and by mesoscale
hydrodynamics simulations, respectively. The clustering behavior is analyzed as
the particle density and the environmental or internal noise are varied. By
distinguishing three types of cluster-size probability density functions, we
obtain a phase diagram of different swarm behaviors. The properties of
clusters, such as their configuration, lifetime and average size are analyzed.
We find that the swarm behavior of the two systems, characterized by several
effective power laws, is very similar. However, a more careful analysis reveals
several differences. Clusters of self-propelled rods form due to partially
blocked forward motion, and are therefore typically wedge-shaped. At higher rod
density and low noise, a giant mobile cluster appears, in which most rods are
mostly oriented towards the center. In contrast, flagella become
hydrodynamically synchronized and attract each other; their clusters are
therefore more elongated. Furthermore, the lifetime of flagella clusters decays
more quickly with cluster size than of rod clusters
Forgetfulness of continuous Markovian quantum channels
The notion of forgetfulness, used in discrete quantum memory channels, is
slightly weakened in order to be applied to the case of continuous channels.
This is done in the context of quantum memory channels with Markovian noise. As
a case study, we apply the notion of weak-forgetfulness to a bosonic memory
channel with additive noise. A suitable encoding and decoding unitary
transformation allows us to unravel the effects of the memory, hence the
channel capacities can be computed using known results from the memoryless
setting.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, comments are welcome. Minor corrections and
acknoledgment adde
Search for a Light Higgs Boson Decaying to Long-Lived Weakly Interacting Particles in Proton-Proton Collisions at âs = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
A search for the decay of a light Higgs boson (120â140 GeV) to a pair of weakly interacting, long-lived particles in 1.94ââfb^(-1) of proton-proton collisions at âs=7ââTeV recorded in 2011 by the ATLAS detector is presented. The search strategy requires that both long-lived particles decay inside the muon spectrometer. No excess of events is observed above the expected background and limits on the Higgs boson production times branching ratio to weakly interacting, long-lived particles are derived as a function of the particle proper decay length
Search for contact interactions in dilepton events from pp collisions at âs = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector
This Letter presents a search for contact interactions in the dielectron and dimuon channels using data from protonâproton collisions produced by the LHC at âs=7 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. The data sample, collected in 2011, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.08 and 1.21 fb^(â1) in the e^+e^â and ÎŒ^+ÎŒ^â channels, respectively. No significant deviations from the standard model are observed. Using a Bayesian approach with a prior flat in 1/Î^2, the following 95% CL lower limits are placed on the energy scale of ââqq contact interactions: Îâ>10.1 TeV (Î^+>9.4 TeV) in the electron channel and Î^â>8.0 TeV (Î^+>7.0 TeV) in the muon channel for constructive (destructive) interference in the leftâleft isoscalar contact interaction model. Limits are also provided for a prior flat in 1/Î^4
Search for an excess of events with an identical flavour lepton pair and significant missing transverse momentum in âs =7 TeV protonâproton collisions with the ATLAS detector
Results are presented of a search for particles decaying into final states with significant missing transverse momentum and exactly two identical flavour leptons (e, ÎŒ) of opposite charge in âs = 7 TeV collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. This channel is particularly sensitive to supersymmetric particle cascade decays producing flavour correlated lepton pairs. Flavour uncorrelated backgrounds are subtracted using a sample of opposite flavour lepton pair events. Observation of an excess beyond Standard Model expectations following this subtraction procedure would offer one of the best routes to measuring the masses of supersymmetric particles. In a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35 pb^(â1) no such excess is observed. Model-independent limits are set on the contribution to these final states from supersymmetry and are used to exclude regions of a phenomenological supersymmetric parameter space
Electron performance measurements with the ATLAS detector using the 2010 LHC proton-proton collision data
Detailed measurements of the electron performance of the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported, using decays of the Z, W and J/Ï particles. Data collected in 2010 at s=7~TeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of almost 40 pb^(â1). The inter-alignment of the inner detector and the electromagnetic calorimeter, the determination of the electron energy scale and resolution, and the performance in terms of response uniformity and linearity are discussed. The electron identification, reconstruction and trigger efficiencies, as well as the charge misidentification probability, are also presented
- âŠ