US Faculty Patenting: Inside and Outside the University

This paper examines the empirical anomaly that in a sample of 5811 patents on which US faculty are listed as inventors, 26% of the patents are assigned solely to firms rather than to the faculty member's university as is dictated by US university employment policies or the Bayh Dole Act. In this paper we estimate a series of probability models of assignment as a function of patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor fields in order to examine the extent to which outside assignment is nefarious or comes from legitimate activities, such as consulting. Patents assigned to firms (whether established or start-ups with inventor as principal) are less basic than those assigned to universities suggesting these patents result from faculty consulting. A higher inventor share increases the likelihood of university assignment as compared with assignment to a firm in which the inventor is a principal but it has no effect on consulting with established firms versus assignment to the university. Faculty in the physical sciences and engineering are more likely to assign their patents to established firms than those in biological sciences.

The Opinion - Vol. 08, No. 06

Originally published in print for Fuller Theological Seminary\u27s community from 1962 through 1977.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/fts-opinion/1121/thumbnail.jp

The Opinion - Vol. 09, No. 01

Originally published in print for Fuller Theological Seminary\u27s community from 1962 through 1977.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/fts-opinion/1122/thumbnail.jp

The Opinion - Vol. 08, No. 05

Originally published in print for Fuller Theological Seminary\u27s community from 1962 through 1977.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/fts-opinion/1120/thumbnail.jp

Critical Appraisal Bibliography, Scientific Abstract, and Matrix/Evidence Table

Introduction and Background As chronic and acute pain disorders continue to be diagnosed in the clinical setting, the number of patients searching for medical care in hopes of alleviating their symptoms is on the rise. Working in both medical and psychiatric facilities as a certified nursing assistant, I saw opioids frequently prescribed as a pharmacological treatment for individuals looking to lessen the pain associated with a multitude of pain related disorders. Working in long term care facilities, I watched individuals who had never struggled with substance use disorders develop clinical dependencies on narcotic medication due to the fact that they were prescribed opioids as a means of pain reduction. I watched as individuals who had no prior history of substance abuse or addiction begin to scream in anger and frustration every four hours demanding their medication the second it was available to them after undergoing an event that caused them to experience severe pain (e.g, invasive procedures, falls, etc). Being even a few minutes late to administer their narcotic medication could mean completely destroying a therapeutic rapport with a patient. I saw patients who were previously able to carry out pleasant conversation spending all day in an opioid induced stupor, declining in neurological functioning, and so high from their medication, they were unable to complete ADLs without extensive assistance from a member of the healthcare team. While the patient is not to blame for this phenomenon, as they are just doing what is available to them as treatment for their condition, the healthcare system is doing patients a disservice by not offering alternative forms of pain management for individuals suffering with pain related symptoms. Because of this, we became interested in researching the opioid crisis, how it came to be, and ways that healthcare providers can help to reduce the amount of patients who are forced to deal with clinical dependency and opioid induced debilitation by providing alternative forms of pain management, specifically for individuals experiencing post-operative pain, as it was the most common trigger of pain I saw in the patient populations I have worked with in the clinical setting. Purpose Statement The population we will be researching includes individuals experiencing postoperative pain, who would typically undergo pharmacotherapy with opioids to alleviate their symptoms. The interventions we will be researching include ways that the registered nurse and providers can help reduce their patient’s pain using different forms of alternative pain management that do not include opioid medication. We will be comparing the effectiveness and practicality of opioid therapy to that of other forms of pain management to better understand the ways that patients can work to reduce their pain symptoms in ways that do not include narcotic medication. The way we will evaluate outcomes is by evaluating the current literature surrounding the topic and comparing the results from studies comparing the effectiveness of opioid therapy and the results from alternative forms of pain management. Literature Review In order to research this topic in greater depth, we used google scholar, PubMed, and CINAHL to ensure that each source we used was evidence-based and peer reviewed to the information we gathered was accurate, unbiased, and applicable to the clinical setting. Some databases we utilized included The National Library of Medicine, The Journal of Nursing Regulation, & Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, all evidence-based and peer-reviewed databases. Luckily, there is an objectively large amount of data existing around the concept of pain management, as it is such a prevalent problem for individuals seeking medical care. Findings After researching forms of alternative pain management for post operative patients, we found three concepts to explore as an alternative to narcotic medication for pain management. These three concepts include: acupuncture therapy, low dose steroid use, and medical cannabis. There is strong evidence to support the effectiveness of these three treatments for managing pain symptoms. While the research on medical cannabis for post operative pain tends to be limited due to legality issues and issues regarding how to correctly dose the drug, there is large evidence to support the effectiveness of cannabis for chronic pain disorders and neuropathy that can result from undergoing surgical procedures. Conclusion After reviewing these three concepts as a form of alternative pain management, we found that there is evidence to support these forms of treatment as a viable alternative to opioid medication, or by implementing these treatments, patients may be able to reduce the amount of opioids it takes to alleviate their pain, reducing their chances of developing side effects or overdosing. There are gaps in the literature regarding cannabis as an effective treatment for acute pain due to complications of researching a schedule one substance, but there is evidence to support cannabis as a treatment for chronic pain issues that can develop from invasive surgical procedures. It is important that nurses are informed about these methods of alternative pain management in order to ensure that their clients are undergoing the best course of care possible if opioids are not a reasonable form of treatment for managing postoperative pain

Formative versus reflective measurement: Comment on Marakas, Johnson, and Clay (2007)

In a recent issue of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, Marakas, Johnson, and Clay (2007) presented an interesting and important discussion on formative versus reflective measurement, specifically related to the measurement of the computer self-efficacy (CSE) construct. However, we believe their recommendation to measure CSE constructs using formative indicators merits additional dialogue before being adopted by researchers. In the current study we discuss why the substantive theory underlying the CSE construct suggests that it is best measured using reflective indicators. We then provide empirical evidence demonstrating how the misspecification of existing CSE measures as formative can result in unstable estimates across varying endogenous variables and research contexts. Specifically, we demonstrate how formative indicator weights are dependent on the endogenous variable used to estimate them. Given that the strength of formative indicator weights is one metric used for determining indicator retention, and adding or dropping formative indicators can result in changes in the conceptual meaning of a construct, the use of formative measurement can result in the retention of different indicators and ultimately the measurement of different concepts across studies. As a result, the comparison of findings across studies over time becomes conceptually problematic and compromises our ability to replicate and extend research in a particular domain. We discuss not only the consequences of using formative versus reflective measures in CSE research but also the broader implications this choice has on research in other domains

Digital news report: Australia 2015

This report gives a clear picture of how the Australian news consumer compares to eleven other countries surveyed in 2015: Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Spain, UK, USA and urban Brazil. The Digital News Report: Australia is part of a global survey by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford. Further in-depth analysis of Australian digital news consumption has been conducted and published by the News & Media Research Centre at the University of Canberra

Clarifying the Use of Formative Measurement in the IS Discipline: The Case of Computer Self-Efficacy

The article offers insights on the use of formative measurement in the information system (IS) discipline. It focuses on the comment which warns researchers on the pitfalls of misapplying formative measures in information system domain as well as on the issues related to computer self-efficacy (CSE) and formative measurement. It then asserts that formative indicator weights are sued in determining the conceptual meaning of constructs and notes that the conceptual definition of CSE will likely differ as they are used in different research models and contexts