Architecture, liturgy and processions: Bishop Grosseteste’s Lincoln and Bishop Poore’s Salisbury

This chapter is concerned with alterations to the cathedral and city of Lincoln undertaken during the episcopate of Bishop Grosseteste (1235-1253) compared to the development of the city and cathedral of Salisbury begun under bishop Richard Poore (1217-1228, and bishop of Durham 1229-1237), and how these modifications may relate to Grosseteste’s written oeuvre as well as the processional, liturgical and administrative innovations of the period

Architecture, festival and order: the history and persistence in the Florentine Feast of San Giovanni and its significance to the city's civic identity

The Feast Day of San Giovanni is still a significant day for Florence. Since its revival in the 1930s - but also throughout much of the city’s history - every year church processions and civic parades have been augmented by a series of other events that together combine to represent the city to itself and to others. This re-presentation is not a mask that conceals Florence’s "true" identity, or one that invents something that is not present, but, even in today’s information driven world, an authentic manifestation of the city where everyday relationships and actions - both historic and contemporary - are elevated to become the focus of different representations. This thesis examines these ritual and ceremonial settings - from an urban to an architectural scale - particularly in relation to the evolution of the Feast of S Giovanni - first documented in the thirteenth century by Villani (1276-1348) - with the intention of discovering how this order helped to structure the transformation of civic identity from its Roman and feudal origins into late medieval humanism, and how this then established the basis future manifestations of civic order, such as that of the Medici Dukes from the sixteenth century onwards, and the fascists of the twentieth century

Tradition and historicism in the remodelling of Tate Britain

Since the late 1870s when the first legal moves were made to protect Britain’s built heritage many buildings and monuments have been set aside for special treatment. The system, devised to monitor and assess eligibility for this protection determines a hierarchy of value but is limited by the fact that it places buildings from radically different eras in one classification system. Using the example of Caruso St John’s recent work to the Tate Britain Gallery in London, this chapter questions the current rules that determine the way architectural heritage is protected and adapted, suggesting that more flexibility should be afforded to architectural work undertaken on existing listed structures

Heterogeneity in testing for infectious diseases

Testing strategies have varied widely between nation states during the COVID-19 pandemic, in intensity as well as methodology. Some countries have mainly performed diagnostic testing while others have opted for mass-screening for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 as well. COVID passport solutions have been introduced, in which access to several aspects of public life requires either testing, proof of vaccination or a combination thereof. This creates a coupling between personal activity levels and testing behaviour which, as we show in a mathematical model, leverages heterogeneous behaviours in a population and turns this heterogeneity from a disadvantage to an advantage for epidemic control

Festival and tradition in contemporary Florence

Certain sectors of the heritage and tourist industry argue that cities with art historical significance should be re-categorized as ‘museum cities’ because visitors intent on acquiring particular limited ‘consumer’ experiences outnumber the local population. Using the Feast Day of San Giovanni in Florence, Italy, as a focus this article questions this assumption. By evaluating the form of the fest day events and their relationship to the urban landscape, some of the historical conditions that have shaped the city are revealed. These conditions, understood as civic praxis, are accessible to everyone (to different degrees) and suggest Florence is anything but a museum

Architecture, festival and the city: introduction

The theme of this issue of Architecture and Culture is “Architecture, Festival and the City.” Our aim has been to posit and to explore the relationship between festivals and their settings, in order to ask what constitutes festival in the contemporary city - what allows a traditional festival to endure, and how can a new festival become meaningful

Architecture, festival and the city: introduction.

The theme of this issue of Architecture and Culture is "Architecture, Festival and the City". Our aim has been to posit and to explore the relationship between festivals and their settings in order to ask what constitutes festival in the contemporary city?; what allows a traditional festival to endure?; how can a new festival become meaningful?; and what do we expect a festival to do? The papers originate from the fourteenth conference of the Architectural Humanities Research Association (AHRA), held at Birmingham City University in November 2017, which itself grew out of our own research interests – Christian Frost's in the persistence of the Florentine festival of San Giovanni and its significance as a representation of civic order; María José Martínez Sánchez's in the articulation of public and civic spaces through performance; and Jieling Xiao's in the sensory experience of public space. The papers examine festivals through a variety of different lenses – through history (architectural and otherwise), anthropology, literary theory, phenomenological hermeneutics, and performance theory, to name the most prominent. Collectively, they explore the genesis of festivals and their continuity – often brought about, paradoxically, through changes to traditions, changes resulting from historical events. The importance of the specific temporality and the liminal status of festivals is made clear through discussions particularly of contemporary festive events, in which boundaries between "public" and "private" are frequently called into question. These themes, of festival and tradition, festival and time, festival and place, guided our editorial and curatorial decisions as we considered how to instigate the "Architecture, Festival and the City" conference and its exhibition as a festive event in its own right, and to understand its resultant publications (a book of the same title, and this journal issue) as versions of its continuity

Climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in a resident mountain bird : legacy data reveal effects on reproductive strategies

Optimization of clutch size and timing of reproduction have substantial effects on lifetime reproductive success in vertebrates, and both individual quality and environmental variation may impact life history strategies. We tested hypotheses related to maternal investment and timing of reproduction, using 17 years (1978–1994) of individual-based life history data on willow ptarmigan (Lagopus l. lagopus, n = 290 breeding females with n = 319 breeding attempts) in central Norway. We analysed whether climatic variation and individual state variables (age and body mass) affected the number of offspring and timing of reproduction, and individual repeatability in strategies. The results suggest that willow ptarmigan share a common optimal clutch size that is largely independent of measured individual states. While we found no clear direct weather effects on clutch size, higher spring temperatures advanced onset of breeding, and early breeding was followed by an increased number of offspring. Warmer springs were positively related to maternal mass, and mass interacted with clutch size in production of hatchlings. Finally, clutch size and timing of reproduction were highly repeatable within individuals, indicating that individual quality guided trade-offs in reproductive effort. Our results demonstrate how climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in combination influenced life history traits in a resident montane keystone species. trade-offs, state-dependent, clutch size, breeding time, repeatabilitypublishedVersio

Copper(I) and Gold(I) Complexes of Aminofunctionalized Phosphinines: Synthesis and Structural Characterization

A series of novel 3-N,N-dimethylaminofunctionalized phosphinines were synthesized and structurally characterized. DFT calculations showed that these aromatic phosphorus heterocycles possess stronger π-donor and σ-donor properties compared to the parent phosphinine C5H5P. With CuBr ⋅ SMe2, the corresponding complexes of the type [(phosphinine)2CuBr]2 are formed, which show the classical terminal σ-coordination mode of the phosphorus donor towards the Cu(I) center. Upon reaction with AuCl ⋅ SMe2, mononuclear phosphinine-Au(I)Cl complexes could be obtained and crystallographically characterized. Moreover, the presence of a SiMe3-group and a donor-functionality provide the possibility for post-synthetic ligand modifications. With CuCl ⋅ SMe2 the phosphinine-based hydrochloride salts forms a rare Cu(I) complex with a Cu4Cl4-core, that contains two pairs of differently coordinating phosphinine ligands

Differential effects of fenofibrate versus atorvastatin on the concentrations of E-selectin and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia: a randomized cross-over trial

BACKGROUND: Diabetic dyslipoproteinemia is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and often elevated LDL-cholesterol and is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis. Adhesion molecule levels are elevated both in hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes mellitus. It is unclear whether fibrate or statin therapy has more beneficial effects on adhesion molecule concentrations. METHODS: Atorvastatin (10 mg/d) was compared to fenofibrate (200 mg/d) each for 6 weeks separated by a 6 week washout period in 11 patients (6 male, 5 female; 61.8 ± 8.2 years; body mass index 29.8 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA(1c )7.3 ± 1.1 %) and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia using a randomized, cross-over design. Fasting blood glucose, HbA(1)c, lipid parameters, E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and fibrinogen concentrations were determined before and after each drug. RESULTS: Glucose and HbA(1)c concentrations remained unchanged during the whole study period. LDL cholesterol was reduced during atorvastatin therapy, triglycerides were lowered more effectively with fenofibrate. Comparison of pre- and postreatment concentrations of E-selectin showed a reduction during atorvastatin (-7 %, p = 0.11) and fenofibrate (-10 %, p < 0.05) therapy. Atorvastatin treatment reduced VCAM-1 levels by 4% (p < 0.05), while VCAM-1 concentrations remained unchanged (+1%, ns) during fenofibate therapy. However, direct comparisons of post-treatment levels during both forms of therapy were not of statistical significance. ICAM-1 levels were not influenced by either form of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, both drugs appear to lower adhesion molecule plasma concentrations in a different manner in patients with type 2 diabetes and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia. Our observations should be confirmed in a larger cohort of such patients