Afinal, o que é o Jornalismo? Os impactos da multiplicação dos produtores de conteúdo informativo e o controverso conceito de verdade nas narrativas do mundo digital

As três primeiras décadas do século XXI representam um desafio jamais enfrentado pelo jornalismo profissional. As novidades tecnológicas que permitiram a multiplicação de produtores de conteúdo, a explosão de fake news, os novos modelos de negócios e a crescente polarização política colocaram em xeque a credibilidade de uma profissão pautada por um código de ética que tem como princípios a busca de isenção, a equidade, a precisão dos dados. Diante do quadro apresentado, como preservar o jornalismo profissional, o ato jornalístico? Qualquer cidadão pode produzir informação? Eis aqui as questões centrais sobre as quais esta dissertação se debruça, lançando um foco mais específico nos efeitos da desinformação nas eleições presidenciais americana de 2016 e brasileira de 2018. A partir de uma exposição sobre a gênese do jornalismo profissional e do jornalismo-cidadão, de uma abordagem foucaultiana sobre os conceitos de verdade e vontade de verdade, e de duas pesquisas de campo por amostragem, este trabalho teve como objetivo trazer à luz as estratégias de manipulação da informação e reflexões de diversos estudiosos sobre possíveis caminhos que resguardem a essência de uma atividade vital para a democracia. Os resultados encontrados, apesar de mostrar iniciativas embrionárias positivas, apontam para um cenário midiático em constante transformação que gera grande desorientação entre milhões de brasileiros. O público receptor, imerso em bolhas, já não sabe o que é informação, desinformação e opinião. E os jornalistas profissionais, enquanto constatam o esvaziamento da profissão, tentam se adaptar aos novos tempos digitais para enfrentar a concorrência.The first three decades of the 21st century expose a challenge never faced by professional journalism. Technological innovations that have allowed the multiplication of content producers, the explosion of fake news, new business models and the growing political polarization have challenged the credibility of a profession guided by a code of ethics whose principles are the pursuit of exemption, equity and accuracy of data. Given the situation presented, how to preserve professional journalism and the journalistic act? Can any citizen produce information? Here are the central issues that this dissertation addresses, with a more specific focus on the effects of misinformation in the 2016 American and 2018 Brazilian presidential elections. From an exposition on the genesis of professional journalism and citizen journalism, a Michel Foucault's approach to the concepts of truth and will to truth and also two sample field researches, this study aims to clarify the information manipulation strategies and show off reflections of several scholars on possible paths that safeguard the essence of such a vital activity for democracy. The results found, despite showing positive embryonic initiatives, point to a media oultline in constant transformation that generates great disorientation among millions of Brazilians. The target audience, locked in bubbles, no longer knows how to distinguish what information, misinformation and opinion are. On the other side, professional journalists, while envision the emptying of the profession, are trying to adapt to the new digital times to face the competition

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data