261 research outputs found
Étude expérimentale et théorique de la production de nuclides légers rapides dans les interactions proton-noyau à haute énergie
Nous donnons la description d'une expérience réalisée au CERN et concernant la production de 1H, 2H, 3H, 3He, 4He lors des interactions proton-noyau (12C, 27Al, 197Au) à des angles variés (30°, 45°, 75°, 105°). Nous présentons également une théorie thermodynamique permettant d'interpréter les résultats expérimentaux obtenus
Thermocapillary actuation of liquid flow on chemically patterned surfaces
We have investigated the thermocapillary flow of a Newtonian liquid on hydrophilic microstripes which are lithographically defined on a hydrophobic surface. The speed of the microstreams is studied as a function of the stripe width w, the applied thermal gradient |dT/dx| and the liquid volume V deposited on a connecting reservoir pad. Numerical solutions of the flow speed as a function of downstream position show excellent agreement with experiment. The only adjustable parameter is the inlet film height, which is controlled by the ratio of the reservoir pressure to the shear stress applied to the liquid stream. In the limiting cases where this ratio is either much smaller or much larger than unity, the rivulet speed shows a power law dependency on w, |dT/dx| and V. In this study we demonstrate that thermocapillary driven flow on chemically patterned surfaces can provide an elegant and tunable method for the transport of ultrasmall liquid volumes in emerging microfluidic technologies
Aging in humid granular media
Aging behavior is an important effect in the friction properties of solid
surfaces. In this paper we investigate the temporal evolution of the static
properties of a granular medium by studying the aging over time of the maximum
stability angle of submillimetric glass beads. We report the effect of several
parameters on these aging properties, such as the wear on the beads, the stress
during the resting period, and the humidity content of the atmosphere. Aging
effects in an ethanol atmosphere are also studied. These experimental results
are discussed at the end of the paper.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure
Dynamics of electrostatically-driven granular media. Effects of Humidity
We performed experimental studies of the effect of humidity on the dynamics
of electrostatically-driven granular materials. Both conducting and dielectric
particles undergo a phase transition from an immobile state (granular solid) to
a fluidized state (granular gas) with increasing applied field. Spontaneous
precipitation of solid clusters from the gas phase occurs as the external
driving is decreased. The clustering dynamics in conducting particles is
primarily controlled by screening of the electric field but is aided by
cohesion due to humidity. It is shown that humidity effects dominate the
clustering process with dielectric particles.Comment: 4 pages, 4 fig
Angle of repose and segregation in cohesive granular matter
We study the effect of fluids on the angle of repose and the segregation of
granular matter poured into a silo. The experiments are conducted in two
regimes where: (i) the volume fraction of the fluid is small and it forms
liquid bridges between particles, and (ii) the particles are completely
immersed in the fluid. The data is obtained by imaging the pile formed inside a
quasi-two dimensional silo through the transparent glass side walls. In the
first series of experiments, the angle of repose is observed to increase
sharply with the volume fraction of the fluid and then saturates at a value
that depends on the size of the particles. We systematically study the effect
of viscosity by using water-glycerol mixtures to vary it over at least three
orders of magnitude while keeping the surface tension almost constant. Besides
surface tension, the viscosity of the fluid is observed to have an effect on
the angle of repose and the extent of segregation. In case of bidisperse
particles, segregation is observed to decrease and finally saturate depending
on the size ratio of the particles and the viscosity of the fluid. The sharp
initial change and the subsequent saturation in the extent of segregation and
angle of repose occurs over similar volume fraction of the fluid. In the second
series of experiments, particles are poured into a container filled with a
fluid. Although the angle of repose is observed to be unchanged, segregation is
observed to decrease with an increase in the viscosity of the fluid.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figure
Molecular Weight Dependence of Spreading Rates of Ultrathin Polymeric Films
We study experimentally the molecular weight dependence of spreading
rates of molecularly thin precursor films, growing at the bottom of droplets of
polymer liquids. In accord with previous observations, we find that the radial
extension R(t) of the film grows with time as R(t) = (D_{exp} t)^{1/2}. Our
data substantiate the M-dependence of D_{exp}; we show that it follows D_{exp}
\sim M^{-\gamma}, where the exponent \gamma is dependent on the chemical
composition of the solid surface, determining its frictional properties with
respect to the molecular transport. In the specific case of hydrophilic
substrates, the frictional properties can be modified by the change of the
relative humidity (RH). We find that \gamma \approx 1 at low RH and tends to
zero when RH gets progressively increased. We propose simple theoretical
arguments which explain the observed behavior in the limits of low and high RH.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in PR
Abundance of Delta Resonances in 58Ni+58Ni Collisions between 1 and 2 AGeV
Charged pion spectra measured in 58Ni-58Ni collisions at 1.06, 1.45 and 1.93
AGeV are interpreted in terms of a thermal model including the decay of Delta
resonances. The transverse momentum spectra of pions are well reproduced by
adding the pions originating from the Delta-resonance decay to the component of
thermal pions, deduced from the high transverse momentum part of the pion
spectra. About 10 and 18% of the nucleons are excited to Delta states at
freeze-out for beam energies of 1 and 2 AGeV, respectively.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX with 3 included figures; submitted to Physics Letters
Stopping and Radial Flow in Central 58Ni + 58Ni Collisions between 1 and 2 AGeV
The production of charged pions, protons and deuterons has been studied in
central collisions of 58Ni on 58Ni at incident beam energies of 1.06, 1.45 and
1.93 AGeV. The dependence of transverse-momentum and rapidity spectra on the
beam energy and on the centrality of the collison is presented. It is shown
that the scaling of the mean rapidity shift of protons established for AGS and
SPS energies is valid down to 1 AGeV. The degree of nuclear stopping is
discussed; the IQMD transport model reproduces the measured proton rapidity
spectra for the most central events reasonably well, but does not show any
sensitivity between the soft and the hard equation of state (EoS). A radial
flow analysis, using the midrapidity transverse-momentum spectra, delivers
freeze-out temperatures T and radial flow velocities beta_r which increase with
beam energy up to 2 AGeV; in comparison to existing data of Au on Au over a
large range of energies only beta_r shows a system size dependence
Dragon-kings: mechanisms, statistical methods and empirical evidence
This introductory article presents the special Discussion and Debate volume
"From black swans to dragon-kings, is there life beyond power laws?" published
in Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics in May 2012. We summarize and put in
perspective the contributions into three main themes: (i) mechanisms for
dragon-kings, (ii) detection of dragon-kings and statistical tests and (iii)
empirical evidence in a large variety of natural and social systems. Overall,
we are pleased to witness significant advances both in the introduction and
clarification of underlying mechanisms and in the development of novel
efficient tests that demonstrate clear evidence for the presence of
dragon-kings in many systems. However, this positive view should be balanced by
the fact that this remains a very delicate and difficult field, if only due to
the scarcity of data as well as the extraordinary important implications with
respect to hazard assessment, risk control and predictability.Comment: 20 page
Isospin-tracing: A probe of non-equilibrium in central heavy-ion collisions
Four different combinations of Ru and Zr nuclei, both
as projectile and target, were investigated at the same bombarding energy of
400 MeV using a detector. The degree of isospin mixing between
projectile and target nucleons is mapped across a large portion of the phase
space using two different isospin-tracer observables, the number of measured
protons and the yield ratio. The experimental results
show that the global equilibrium is not reached even in the most central
collisions. Quantitative measures of stopping and mixing are extracted from the
data. They are found to exhibit a quite strong sensitivity to the in-medium
(n,n) cross section used in microscopic transport calculations.Comment: 4 pages RevTeX, 3 figures (ps files), submitted to Phys. Rev. Let
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