Using Nuclear DNA to Investigate the Phylogenetics of Californian Threespine Stickleback Populations

The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a diverse superspecies that exists mainly in coastal temperate zones of the Northern hemisphere with a variety of life history modes. Past phylogenetic analyses of the populations of threespine stickleback have been completed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data. However, mitochondrial introgression has been observed in many fish species, including threespine stickleback, which causes phylogenetic studies using mtDNA to be false. Here, mitochondrial introgression refers to the movement of mitochondrial genes from one population to another population. Nuclear DNA (nDNA) was analyzed in this study to assess the validity of the mtDNA phylogenetic studies of Californian populations. Up to three nuclear loci containing a total of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed from five Californian populations of threespine stickleback and compared to stickleback from Pacific North America. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed and showed different relationships than found in the mtDNA-based study. Californian populations were found to be distinct from a British Columbian population and two different clades of Californian populations were found, including a Lost Lake/Shay Creek/Fillmore clade and a Holcomb Creek/williamsoni clade. These results, however, are inconclusive due to a large amount of intrapopulation variation at the sites assayed. Lost Lake seems to contain an unusually large amount of variation that makes it unique. Further study, though, must be completed to determine the validity of the these results and those from the previous mtDNA-based studies. Specifically, Shay Creek Stickleback may be confirmed as being closely related to Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni, which is already on the endangered species list or Lost Lake may be found to be another unique population. Conservation efforts may then be made to protect Shay Creek and/or Lost Lake Stickleback

Managing Modularity of Service Processes Architecture

The world is increasingly turbulent with shorter and shorter technological life cycles and more and more frequent changes in customer demand. This situation implies that flexibility and agility are crucial for producers of products and services. Much effort has been directed toward understanding innovation and the ways in which management can increase the value of innovation efforts. As a consequence, suggestions emphasizing different aspects of innovation and creativity have been put forward. However, the value of architectural knowledge for innovation is increasingly recognized as crucial with modular architectures proposed as one way of increasing the rate of innovation by introducing flexibility and agility without sacrificing efficiency. Modularity is a way to design a system with the intent of reducing its complexity by decomposing the system and reducing interdependencies between the subsystems of the system through standardized interfaces. Systems designed in this way allow for greater flexibility through recombination; however, they retain efficiency by means of standardization and scale economies from the reuse of components. For this reason modular architectures present an interesting solution to the dilemma of whether to invest in innovation or in efficiency. The topic has received much attention in the face of demands from customers for increasingly heterogeneous products and services. However, an important aspect to keep in mind is that, while decomposition is a powerful way of reducing complexity, most real systems remain only nearly decomposable (Simon, 1962) or loosely coupled rather than uncoupled (Orton & Weick, 1990)...

Minimal Walking Technicolor: Set Up for Collider Physics

Different theoretical and phenomenological aspects of the Minimal and Nonminimal Walking Technicolor theories have recently been studied. The goal here is to make the models ready for collider phenomenology. We do this by constructing the low energy effective theory containing scalars, pseudoscalars, vector mesons and other fields predicted by the minimal walking theory. We construct their self-interactions and interactions with standard model fields. Using the Weinberg sum rules, opportunely modified to take into account the walking behavior of the underlying gauge theory, we find interesting relations for the spin-one spectrum. We derive the electroweak parameters using the newly constructed effective theory and compare the results with the underlying gauge theory. Our analysis is sufficiently general such that the resulting model can be used to represent a generic walking technicolor theory not at odds with precision data.Comment: 42 pages, 3 figures. RevTex forma

Working through frame incongruences : A process perspective on (re)framing for digital servitization

Industrial firms are increasingly seeking new means of competitiveness through digital servitization that involves incorporating digital services and platforms. Despite the growing prominence of digital servitization, we have yet to understand how such changes are being framed, reframed, and unfold in industrial firms. To this end, we undertake an in-depth longitudinal exploratory case study of an industrial firm to understand the organizational framing and reframing activities vis-à-vis digital servitization. Our findings identify how motivational, diagnostic, and prognostic framing gradually unfolds over distinct phases. Specifically, our findings reveal the occurrence of frame incongruence among different groups of actors, compelling the firm to engage in strategies and tactics to achieve frame alignment. Notably, we identify that management engages in the alignment processes of frame extension, translation, and clarification, which creates a space of workable certainty. While transient in nature, this state of workable certainty serves as a catalyst in propelling the firm forward in its pursuit of a digital servitization strategy. By shedding light on the process of digital reframing that firms undertake in order to materialize their digital servitization strategy, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. Moreover, we raise pertinent managerial implications for firms embarking on the path of digital servitization, emphasizing the imperative of continuous attention to the ongoing framing and reframing processes accompanying such change endeavors.© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed