New Applications of Iodine(III) Reactivity: Synthesis and Functionalization of Heterocycles

S'han desenvolupat dues metodologies diferents per a la síntesi de indols emprant la reactivitat de iode hipervalente. En primer lloc, s'ha proposat una reacció de ciclació en la qual s'han obtingut un total de 21 exemples amb bons rendiments, a més d'estudiar el possible mecanisme d'aquesta reacció a través de diferents proves mecanístiques com ara la tècnica de marcatge de deuteri . D'altra banda, s'ha realitzat una metodologia alternativa amb substrats de partida diferents per obtenir un total de 18 exemples en bons rendiments a través tant d'una transformació estequiomètrica com catalítica. El mecanisme de la reacció s'ha estudiat en profunditat realitzant diferents estudis mecanístics, com per exemple, l'efecte dels substituents de diferent naturalesa electrònica en un dels anells aromàtics, a través de la correlació de Hammett. A més de l'aplicació de compostos de iode hipervalente per a la síntesi d'heterocicles, els seus derivats quirals s'han fet servir per al desenvolupament d'una reacció enantioselectiva per a la 4-hidroxilació de fenols.Se han desarrollado dos metodologías diferentes para la síntesis de indoles empleando la reactividad de Yodo hipervalente. En primer lugar, se ha propuesto una reacción de ciclación en la que se han obtenido un total de 21 ejemplos con buenos rendimientos, además de estudiar el posible mecanismo de dicha reacción a través de diferentes pruebas mecanísticas como por ejemplo la técnica de marcaje de deuterio. Por otro lado, se ha realizado una metodología alternativa con sustratos de partida diferentes para obtener un total de 18 ejemplos en buenos rendimientos a través tanto de una transformación estequiométrica como catalítica. El mecanismo de la reacción se ha estudiado en profundidad realizando diferentes estudios mecanísticos, como por ejemplo, el efecto de los sustituyentes de diferente naturaleza electrónica en uno de los anillos aromáticos, a través de la correlación de Hammett. Además de la aplicación de compuestos de yodo hipervalente para la síntesis de heterociclos, sus derivados quirales se han usado para el desarrollo de una reacción enantioselectiva para la 4-hidroxilación de fenoles.Two different methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of indoles using hypervalent iodine reactivity. First, a cyclization reaction has been proposed in which a total of 21 examples were obtained with good yields. In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism, different kinetic experimentes were performed such as the deuterium labellind technique . On the other hand, an alternative methodology has been performed with different starting materials obtaining a total of 18 examples in good yields through both a stoichiometric and catalytic transformation. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied by performing different mechanistic studies, such as the effect of the substituents of different electronic nature on one of the aromatic rings, through the Hammett correlation. In addition to the application of hypervalent iodine compounds for the synthesis of heterocycles, their chiral derivatives have been used for the development of an enantioselective reaction for the 4-hydroxylation of phenols

Organic Law of Comprehensive Guarantee of Sexual Freedom: commentary on the penal reform

[ES] La aprobación de la Ley Orgánica 10/2022, de 6 de septiembre, de Garantía Integral de la Libertad Sexual, dada su naturaleza integral, ha implicado modificaciones importantes de varios textos normativos, entre ellos, las que afectan al DP (y, conectado con este, el Derecho penitenciario, en algún aspecto puntual). Este trabajo estudia las principales modificaciones producidas en este sector del ordenamiento jurídico, con un análisis previo del concepto y finalidad de la LOGILS, haciendo un análisis del concepto, violencia sexual, que es el que aglutina las conductas que afectan, de manera más o menos directa, al objeto de protección, la libertad sexual. También se hará una breve referencia a las principales razones esgrimidas para la reforma de los delitos que, de manera más directa, protegen este bien jurídico: los delitos contra la libertad sexual, y, más concretamente, los delitos de agresiones sexuales. Finalmente, se hará un recorrido de los cambios que introduce esta LO en el CP, desde la nueva regulación del periodo de seguridad (que conecta con el Derecho penitenciario) hasta la protección penal de la libertad sexual (y otros bienes jurídicos) frente a novedosas conductas relacionadas con la ciberdelincuencia.[EN] The approval of Organic Law 10/2022, of September 6, on the Comprehensive Guarantee of Sexual Freedom, given its comprehensive nature, has implied important modifications to several regulatory texts, among them, those that affect the DP (and, connected with this, penitentiary law, in some specific aspect). This work studies the main modifications produced in this sector of the legal system, with a prior analysis of the concept and purpose of the LOGILS, making an analysis of the concept, sexual violence, which is what brings together the behaviors that affect, in a more or less directly, to the object of protection, sexual freedom. A brief reference will also be made to the main reasons given for the reform of the crimes that, in a more direct way, protect this legal right: crimes against sexual freedom, and, more specifically, crimes of sexual assault. Finally, a review will be made of the changes that this LO introduces in the CP, from the new regulation of the security period (which connects with penitentiary law) to the criminal protection of sexual freedom (and other legal rights) against new behaviors related to cybercrime

Effectiveness of Tysuacril in aphthous stomatitis

Introducción: el Tisuacryl es un biomaterial empleado en la cirugía general y bucal, así como en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa, considerada un proceso multifactorial y actualmente la enfermedad ulcerosa más común de la cavidad oral.Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del Tisuacryl con respecto a la terapia convencional en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa en Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río, en el período comprendido entre septiembre 2018 y marzo 2020.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles a 90 pacientes con estomatitis aftosa en Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río, en el período comprendido entre septiembre 2018 y marzo 2020. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas individuales de Periodoncia al obtener el consentimiento oral y escrito de los pacientes o sus tutores. Los resultados se obtuvieron por análisis estadístico que incluyó el porciento y la prueba no paramétrica de Cochran Q.Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo etario de 10 a 19 años para el 46,7 % en grupo estudio y el 42,2 % en grupo control; la disminución del dolor y la cicatrización iniciaron en el mayor número de pacientes a las 72 horas de tratamiento con Tisuacryl para el 91,1 % y el 55,6 % respectivamente; a los cinco días de aplicación del medicamento la totalidad de ellos estaban asintomáticos y casi todas las aftas bucales cicatrizadas.Conclusiones: las lesiones aftosas en la cavidad bucal evolucionaron satisfactoriamente con la aplicación del Tisuacryl al ser esta una alternativa efectiva de tratamiento en comparación con la terapia convencional.Introduction: Tisuacryl is a biomaterial used in general and oral surgery, as well as in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis, considered a multifactorial process and currently the most common ulcerative disease of the oral cavity.Objective: to determine the effectiveness of Tisuacryl with respect to conventional therapy in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis in Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río, in the period from September 2018 to March 2020.Methods: an analytical observational case-control study was conducted on 90 patients with aphthous stomatitis in Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río, in the period from September 2018 to March 2020. Information was obtained from individual Periodontics medical records by obtaining oral and written consent from patients or their guardians. Results were obtained by statistical analysis including percent and Cochran Q nonparametric test.Results: female sex and age group from 10 to 19 years old predominated for 46,7 % in the study group and 42,2 % in the control group; the decrease of pain and healing started in most patients 72 hours after treatment with Tisuacryl for 91,1 % and 55,6 % respectively; being five days after application of the drug all of them asymptomatic and almost all the oral aphthae healed.Conclusions: aphthous lesions in the oral cavity evolved satisfactorily with the application of Tisuacryl being an effective treatment alternative in comparison with conventional therapy

Afectaciones otológicas y trastornos del lenguaje en niños operados de fisuras alveolo palatinas

Introduction: cleft palate predisposes to ear infections, hearing loss, speech and oral communication.Objective: to characterize the otologic affectations and speech disorders in children operated on for cleft palate.Methods: observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study in 31 patients operated for alveolo-palatine clefts in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Pinar del Rio, between 2014 and 2020. A non-probabilistic intentional sampling was carried out, comprising a sample of 20 patients. Evaluation by Otolaryngology and Speech Therapy was carried out, as well as the review of clinical histories. Descriptive statistics was applied. Results: patients who presented incomplete fissures reached 55 % and 50 % of them received mixed feeding. The analysis of the quality of the surgical-orthodontic intervention assessed 75 % as good quality. Sixty percent of the patients presented ear infections, being of a very frequent type in 20 % of the cases; 35 % presented some degree of affectation of the auditory sphere and 80 % presented language disorders, the latter being mild in 40 %; and 55 % of the patients presented phonetic-auditory affectations, where 50 % of the cases presented good level of school learning and social-emotional adaptation.Conclusions: patients who underwent surgery for alveolo-palatal fissures presented mostly mild language and auditory alterations, with very frequent ear infections and phonetic-auditory affectation that influenced on their school-learning and social-emotional adjustment.Introducción: las fisuras de paladar predisponen a infecciones del oído, pérdida de la audición, el habla y la comunicación oral.Objetivo: caracterizar las afectaciones otológicas y trastornos del lenguaje en niños operados de fisuras alveolo palatinas.Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en 31 pacientes operados por fisuras alveolo palatinas en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente “Pepe Portilla” de Pinar del Río, entre 2014 y 2020. Se realizó un muestreo intencional no probabilística conformando una muestra de 20 pacientes. Se realizó evaluación por Otorrinolaringología y Logofonoaudiología, así como la revisión de las historias clínicas. Se empleó estadística descriptiva.Resultados: el 55 % de los pacientes presentaron fisuras incompletas y que el 50 % recibió alimentación mixta. El análisis de la calidad de la intervención quirúrgico-ortodóncica catalogó al 75 % como de buena calidad. El 60 % de los pacientes presentaron infecciones óticas, siendo de tipo muy frecuentes en el 20 % de los casos. El 35 % presentó algún grado de afectación de la esfera auditiva y el 80 % presentaron afecciones en el lenguaje, siendo las últimas leves en el 40 %. El 55 % de los pacientes presentaron afectaciones fonético-auditiva, donde el 50 % de los casos presentaron buen nivel de aprendizaje escolar y adaptación social-emocional.Conclusiones: Los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por fisuras alveolo-palatinas presentaron mayormente alteraciones leves del lenguaje y auditivas, con infecciones óticas muy frecuentes y afectación fonético-auditivas que incidieron en su aprendizaje escolar y adaptación social-emocional

Caracterización de la papilomatosis del paladar en pacientes portadores de prótesis estomatológica

Introduction: oral diseases constitute a public health problem due to their magnitude and severity. Among them is papillomatous hyperplasia of the palate or grade III sub-prosthetic stomatitis, which is very frequent in edentulous patients with maladjusted removable dental prostheses.Objective: to characterize the behavior of papillomatosis of the palate in patients with dental prostheses.Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Dentistry department at Hermanos Cruz Polyclinic; Pinar del Rio municipality. The target group comprised 263 patients with prosthesis rehabilitation between September 2018 and October 2020, choosing 43 patients by means of non-probabilistic intentional sampling. The clinical examination was performed through the methods of observation, palpation and exploration with the use of flat oral mirror, forceps, explorer and natural light source.Results: female sex (53,5 %) and age group 70-79 years (46,5 %) predominated. Prolonged use of the prosthesis was the predominant risk factor both in patients affected to a greater degree (64,9 %) and in those affected to a lesser degree (27,9 %). There was a predominance of deficient oral hygiene in 62,8 %, with a higher incidence in those affected to a higher degree (37,2 %).Conclusions: papillomatous hyperplasia of the palate in patients with prosthesis is common after the sixth decade of life, mainly in those with prolonged use of the prosthesis and deficient oral hygiene, which causes greater oral health problems.Introducción: las enfermedades orales constituyen un problema de salud pública por su magnitud y severidad. Entre ellas se encuentra la hiperplasia papilomatosa del paladar o estomatitis subprótesis de grado III, la cual resulta muy frecuente en pacientes edéntulos con prótesis dental removibles desajustadas.Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la papilomatosis del paladar en pacientes portadores de prótesis estomatológicas.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal, en el departamento de Estomatología del Policlínico “Hermanos Cruz” del municipio Pinar del Río. El universo estuvo conformado por 263 pacientes rehabilitados protésicamente entre septiembre de 2018 y octubre de 2020 seleccionándose 43 pacientes mediante muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Se realizó el examen clínico a través de los métodos de observación, palpación y exploración con la utilización de espejo bucal plano, pinza, explorador y fuente de luz natural.Resultados: se encontró predominó el sexo femenino (53,5 %) y el grupo de edad de 70-79 años (46,5 %). El uso prolongado de la prótesis fue el factor de riesgo predominante tanto en pacientes afectados en mayor grado (64,9 %), como en los afectados en menor grado (27,9 %). Existió predominio de la higiene bucal deficiente en el 62,8 %, con mayor incidencia en los afectados en mayor grado (37,2 %).Conclusiones: la hiperplasia papilomatosa del paladar en pacientes con prótesis es común pasada la sexta década de vida, principalmente en aquellos con uso prolongado de la prótesis e higiene bucal deficiente, lo cual causa afectaciones en mayor grado

NeuroBench:A Framework for Benchmarking Neuromorphic Computing Algorithms and Systems

Neuromorphic computing shows promise for advancing computing efficiency and capabilities of AI applications using brain-inspired principles. However, the neuromorphic research field currently lacks standardized benchmarks, making it difficult to accurately measure technological advancements, compare performance with conventional methods, and identify promising future research directions. Prior neuromorphic computing benchmark efforts have not seen widespread adoption due to a lack of inclusive, actionable, and iterative benchmark design and guidelines. To address these shortcomings, we present NeuroBench: a benchmark framework for neuromorphic computing algorithms and systems. NeuroBench is a collaboratively-designed effort from an open community of nearly 100 co-authors across over 50 institutions in industry and academia, aiming to provide a representative structure for standardizing the evaluation of neuromorphic approaches. The NeuroBench framework introduces a common set of tools and systematic methodology for inclusive benchmark measurement, delivering an objective reference framework for quantifying neuromorphic approaches in both hardware-independent (algorithm track) and hardware-dependent (system track) settings. In this article, we present initial performance baselines across various model architectures on the algorithm track and outline the system track benchmark tasks and guidelines. NeuroBench is intended to continually expand its benchmarks and features to foster and track the progress made by the research community

Beta-Blocker Use in Older Hospitalized Patients Affected by Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Italian Survey From the REPOSI Register

Beta (β)-blockers (BB) are useful in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, the use of BBs could induce bronchoconstriction due to β2-blockade. For this reason, both the ESC and GOLD guidelines strongly suggest the use of selective β1-BB in patients with HF and COPD. However, low adherence to guidelines was observed in multiple clinical settings. The aim of the study was to investigate the BBs use in older patients affected by HF and COPD, recorded in the REPOSI register. Of 942 patients affected by HF, 47.1% were treated with BBs. The use of BBs was significantly lower in patients with HF and COPD than in patients affected by HF alone, both at admission and at discharge (admission, 36.9% vs. 51.3%; discharge, 38.0% vs. 51.7%). In addition, no further BB users were found at discharge. The probability to being treated with a BB was significantly lower in patients with HF also affected by COPD (adj. OR, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.37-0.67), while the diagnosis of COPD was not associated with the choice of selective β1-BB (adj. OR, 95% CI: 1.33, 0.76-2.34). Despite clear recommendations by clinical guidelines, a significant underuse of BBs was also observed after hospital discharge. In COPD affected patients, physicians unreasonably reject BBs use, rather than choosing a β1-BB. The expected improvement of the BB prescriptions after hospitalization was not observed. A multidisciplinary approach among hospital physicians, general practitioners, and pharmacologists should be carried out for better drug management and adherence to guideline recommendations

Antidiabetic Drug Prescription Pattern in Hospitalized Older Patients with Diabetes

Objective: To describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs in a cohort of hospitalized older patients with diabetes. Methods: Patients with diabetes aged 65 years or older hospitalized in internal medicine and/or geriatric wards throughout Italy and enrolled in the REPOSI (REgistro POliterapuie SIMI—Società Italiana di Medicina Interna) registry from 2010 to 2019 and discharged alive were included. Results: Among 1703 patients with diabetes, 1433 (84.2%) were on treatment with at least one antidiabetic drug at hospital admission, mainly prescribed as monotherapy with insulin (28.3%) or metformin (19.2%). The proportion of treated patients decreased at discharge (N = 1309, 76.9%), with a significant reduction over time. Among those prescribed, the proportion of those with insulin alone increased over time (p = 0.0066), while the proportion of those prescribed sulfonylureas decreased (p < 0.0001). Among patients receiving antidiabetic therapy at discharge, 1063 (81.2%) were also prescribed cardiovascular drugs, mainly with an antihypertensive drug alone or in combination (N = 777, 73.1%). Conclusion: The management of older patients with diabetes in a hospital setting is often sub-optimal, as shown by the increasing trend in insulin at discharge, even if an overall improvement has been highlighted by the prevalent decrease in sulfonylureas prescription

The “Diabetes Comorbidome”: A Different Way for Health Professionals to Approach the Comorbidity Burden of Diabetes

(1) Background: The disease burden related to diabetes is increasing greatly, particularly in older subjects. A more comprehensive approach towards the assessment and management of diabetes’ comorbidities is necessary. The aim of this study was to implement our previous data identifying and representing the prevalence of the comorbidities, their association with mortality, and the strength of their relationship in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes, developing, at the same time, a new graphic representation model of the comorbidome called “Diabetes Comorbidome”. (2) Methods: Data were collected from the RePoSi register. Comorbidities, socio-demographic data, severity and comorbidity indexes (Cumulative Illness rating Scale CIRS-SI and CIRS-CI), and functional status (Barthel Index), were recorded. Mortality rates were assessed in hospital and 3 and 12 months after discharge. (3) Results: Of the 4714 hospitalized elderly patients, 1378 had diabetes. The comorbidities distribution showed that arterial hypertension (57.1%), ischemic heart disease (31.4%), chronic renal failure (28.8%), atrial fibrillation (25.6%), and COPD (22.7%), were the more frequent in subjects with diabetes. The graphic comorbidome showed that the strongest predictors of death at in hospital and at the 3-month follow-up were dementia and cancer. At the 1-year follow-up, cancer was the first comorbidity independently associated with mortality. (4) Conclusions: The “Diabetes Comorbidome” represents the perfect instrument for determining the prevalence of comorbidities and the strength of their relationship with risk of death, as well as the need for an effective treatment for improving clinical outcomes