Variabilidad genética de la colección colombiana de lulo (solanum quitoense lam.) y especies relacionadas de la sección lasiocarpa.

Se realizó un estudio de la variabilidad genética de la colección colombiana de lulo Solanum quitoense Lam y especies relacionadas de la sección Lasiocarpa, por medio de marcadores AFLP, con el fin de conocer el polimorfismo y las afinidades entre materiales y taxa. Para tal fin se emplearon marcadores moleculares AFLP, y se hicieron análisis de conglomerados, con los cuales se construyeron dendrogramas a través del algoritmo UPGMA. Los marcadores empleados mostraron valor sistemático ya que permitieron la separación de grupos por especies y entre taxa de la Amazonía y de los Andes, con aislamiento de Solanum de otras secciones, empleados como grupo de comparación. En el estudio no fue evidente el agrupamiento de los materiales por zonas de origen e igualmente no hubo un patrón de asociación de los materiales por variedad botánica: septentrionale y quitoense del taxón S. quitoense. También se observó menor variabilidad genética en las especies cultivadas S. quitoense (andina) y S. sessiliflorum (amazónica), con relación a las silvestres. Los híbridos interespecíficos entre el taxón silvestre S. hirtum y el cultivado S. quitoense y los retrocruzamientos de éstos hacia S. quitoense, incluidos en el estudio, señalaron el potencial de ampliación de la base genética del taxón cultivado por esta vía, con posibilidades en este sentido a partir de los taxa S. pseudolulo y S. vestissimum (andinos). El análisis de correspondencia múltiple y el dendrograma obtenido por el algoritmo “vecino más próximo”, exhibieron alta congruencia con el obtenido por UPGMA, con altos valores de remuestreo (“bootstrap”)

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Antibiosis and Tolerance to Five Species of Spittlebug (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in Brachiaria spp.: Implications for Breeding for Resistance.

CIAT- Outstanding Research Publication Award (ORPA) - 2004Several genera and species of spittlebugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) are economic pests of Brachiaria spp. grasses in tropical America. To support current breeding programs aimed at obtaining multiple spittlebug resistance, we undertook a series of studies on antibiosis and tolerance as possible mechanisms of resistance to five major spittlebug species affecting Brachiaria spp. in Colombia: Aeneolamia varia (F.), Aeneolamia reducta (Lallemand), Zulia carbonaria (Lallemand), Zulia pubescens (F.), and Mahanarva trifissa (Jacobi). Four host genotypes, well known for their reaction to A. varia attack, were used to compare their resistance to other spittlebug species: CIAT 0654 and CIAT 0606 (susceptible) and CIAT 6294 and CIAT 36062 (resistant). CIAT 0654 and CIAT 36062 were used in antibiosis studies. Tolerance studies were conducted with CIAT 0654, CIAT 6294, and CIAT 36062. Sixty-five hybrid-derived clones were used to identify levels of multiple resistance to three spittlebug species. The levels of antibiosis resistance in CIAT 36062 clearly differed by spittlebug species and were classified as follows: very high for M. trifissa, high for A. varia and A. reducta, moderate for Z. pubescens, and absent for Z. carbonaria. Our results suggest the presence of true tolerance to Z. carbonaria in CIAT 6294 and CIAT 36062, true tolerance to Z. pubescens in CIAT 6294 and a combination of tolerance and antibiosis as mechanisms of resistance to Z. pubescens in CIAT 36062. Of the 65 hybrid clones tested with A. varia, A. reducta, and Z. carbonaria, 15 combined resistance to two species and three showed antibiosis resistance to all three spittlebug species

Genetic Variability of the Colombian Collection of Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) and Related Species of Section Lasiocarpa = Variabilidad Genética de la Colección Colombiana de Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) y Especies Relacionadas de la Sección Lasiocarpa

An AFLP genetic variability study of the Colombian collection of lulo Solanum quitoense and related species of section Lasiocarpa was carried out. The aim was to elucidate the genetic polymorphism of such collection and interspecific affinities. Two primer combinations, E-ACG/M-CAT and E-ACG-M-CTC, were chosen out of 30 evaluated combinations based on their high expression levels of polymorphism. The UPGMA dendrogram, obtained through similarity analysis, exhibited systemic power with discrimination at species level and between the groups of Andean and Amazonian taxa from section Lasiocarpa, with a clear separation between Lasiocarpa species and outgroup taxa. Clustering patterns regarding the geographic origin of the accessions, as well as between materials of the S. quitoense botanical varieties septentrionale and quitoense were not evident. Wider genetic variability was observed in the wild section Lasiocarpa species than in the cultivated ones S. quitoense and S. sessiliflorum. The interespecific hybrids between S. hirtum and S. quitoense and backcrosses of these with S. quitoense exhibited greater variability in comparison to S. quitoense. The above, indicated the feasibility of the use of S. hirtum to broaden the genetic base of the cultivated species, with potentiality of S. psudolulo and S. vestissimum for the same purpose. The results obtained with the multiple analysis of correspondence were in agreement with those of the similarity index analysis, and the neighbor joining analysis with high “bootstrap” values, which indicates that the support of each cluster for the studied species is well represented