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Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640
Criterion-related Validity of Forced-Choice Personality Measures: A Cautionary Note Regarding Thurstonian IRT versus Classical Test Theory Scoring
This study examined criterion-related validity for job-related composites of forced-choice personality scores against job performance using both Thurstonian Item Response Theory (TIRT) and Classical Test Theory (CTT) scoring methods. Correlations were computed across 11 different samples that differed in job or role within a job. A meta-analysis of the correlations (k = 11 and N = 613) found a higher average corrected correlation for CTT (mean ρ = .38) than for TIRT (mean ρ = .00). Implications and directions for future research are discussed
Extensible Component Based Architecture for FLASH, A Massively Parallel, Multiphysics Simulation Code
FLASH is a publicly available high performance application code which has
evolved into a modular, extensible software system from a collection of
unconnected legacy codes. FLASH has been successful because its capabilities
have been driven by the needs of scientific applications, without compromising
maintainability, performance, and usability. In its newest incarnation, FLASH3
consists of inter-operable modules that can be combined to generate different
applications. The FLASH architecture allows arbitrarily many alternative
implementations of its components to co-exist and interchange with each other,
resulting in greater flexibility. Further, a simple and elegant mechanism
exists for customization of code functionality without the need to modify the
core implementation of the source. A built-in unit test framework providing
verifiability, combined with a rigorous software maintenance process, allow the
code to operate simultaneously in the dual mode of production and development.
In this paper we describe the FLASH3 architecture, with emphasis on solutions
to the more challenging conflicts arising from solver complexity, portable
performance requirements, and legacy codes. We also include results from user
surveys conducted in 2005 and 2007, which highlight the success of the code.Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures; revised paper submitted to Parallel Computin
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines for pain management: an overview of systematic reviews
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines (CBM) are increasingly used to manage pain, with limited understanding of their efficacy and safety. We assessed methodological quality, scope, and results of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials of these treatments. Several search strategies sought self-declared systematic reviews. Methodological quality was assessed using both AMSTAR-2 and techniques important for bias reduction in pain studies. Of the 106 articles read, 57 were self-declared systematic reviews, most published since 2010. They included any type of cannabinoid, cannabis, or CBM, at any dose, however administered, in a broad range of pain conditions. No review examined the effects of a particular cannabinoid, at a particular dose, using a particular route of administration, for a particular pain condition, reporting a particular analgesic outcome. Confidence in the results in the systematic reviews using AMSTAR-2 definitions was critically low (41), low (8), moderate (6), or high (2). Few used criteria important for bias reduction in pain. Cochrane reviews typically provided higher confidence; all industry-conflicted reviews provided critically low confidence. Meta-analyses typically pooled widely disparate studies, and, where assessable, were subject to potential publication bias. Systematic reviews with positive or negative recommendation for use of cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in pain typically rated critically low or low (24/25 [96%] positive; 10/12 [83%] negative). Current reviews are mostly lacking in quality and cannot provide a basis for decision-making. A new high-quality systematic review of randomised controlled trials is needed to critically assess the clinical evidence for cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in pain
Determination of Inter-Phase Line Tension in Langmuir Films
A Langmuir film is a molecularly thin film on the surface of a fluid; we
study the evolution of a Langmuir film with two co-existing fluid phases driven
by an inter-phase line tension and damped by the viscous drag of the underlying
subfluid. Experimentally, we study an 8CB Langmuir film via digitally-imaged
Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) in a four-roll mill setup which applies a
transient strain and images the response. When a compact domain is stretched by
the imposed strain, it first assumes a bola shape with two tear-drop shaped
reservoirs connected by a thin tether which then slowly relaxes to a circular
domain which minimizes the interfacial energy of the system. We process the
digital images of the experiment to extract the domain shapes. We then use one
of these shapes as an initial condition for the numerical solution of a
boundary-integral model of the underlying hydrodynamics and compare the
subsequent images of the experiment to the numerical simulation. The numerical
evolutions first verify that our hydrodynamical model can reproduce the
observed dynamics. They also allow us to deduce the magnitude of the line
tension in the system, often to within 1%. We find line tensions in the range
of 200-600 pN; we hypothesize that this variation is due to differences in the
layer depths of the 8CB fluid phases.Comment: See (http://www.math.hmc.edu/~ajb/bola/) for related movie
Cannabinoids, cannabis and cannabis-based medicine for pain management: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
ABSTRACT: Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) are increasingly used to manage pain, with limited understanding of their efficacy and safety. We summarised efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of these types of drugs for treating pain using randomised controlled trials: in people of any age, with any type of pain, and for any treatment duration. Primary outcomes were 30% and 50% reduction in pain intensity, and AEs. We assessed risk of bias of included studies, and the overall quality of evidence using GRADE. Studies of <7 and >7 days treatment duration were analysed separately. We included 36 studies (7217 participants) delivering cannabinoids (8 studies), cannabis (6 studies), and CBM (22 studies); all had high and/or uncertain risk of bias. Evidence of benefit was found for cannabis <7 days (risk difference 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.46; 2 trials, 231 patients, very low-quality evidence) and nabiximols >7 days (risk difference 0.06, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.12; 6 trials, 1484 patients, very low-quality evidence). No other beneficial effects were found for other types of cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in our primary analyses; 81% of subgroup analyses were negative. Cannabis, nabiximols, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol had more AEs than control. Studies in this field have unclear or high risk of bias, and outcomes had GRADE rating of low- or very low-quality evidence. We have little confidence in the estimates of effect. The evidence neither supports nor refutes claims of efficacy and safety for cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in the management of pain.</p
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