Erneuerbare Energien im Stromsektor: Gestaltungsoptionen in der EU

Wie die Zukunft der Erneuerbare-Energien-Politik in der EU aussehen soll, ist eine der zentralen Richtungsentscheidungen für die europäische Energiepolitik. Erstens wird 2020 die Erneuerbare-Energien-Richtlinie 2009/28/EG auslaufen, in der die EU ihre Zielsetzungen auf diesem Sektor festgeschrieben hat. Hier muss in den kommenden Jahren also ein neuer Rechtsrahmen entwickelt werden. Zweitens bewegt sich die Debatte im Kontext einer generellen strategischen Auseinandersetzung zur EU-Energie- und Klimapolitik über das Jahr 2020 hinaus. Zur Disposition steht nicht nur die weitere Entwicklung der Erneuerbare-Energien-Politik. Es stellen sich auch energie- und klimapolitische Grundsatzfragen für Europa. Deutschland muss aufgrund seiner nationalen Strategieformulierung ein Interesse am Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien in Europa haben. Um diesen voranzutreiben, ist es entscheidend, dass man sich frühzeitig mit den Gestaltungsoptionen und den anzupassenden Rahmenbedingungen auseinandersetzt. Abseits der Diskussion über Zielsetzungen und Förderinstrumente geht es dabei auch um Fragen der Regulierung und der Netzplanung. Nur durch eine integrierte Herangehensweise kann eine rasche und kostengünstige Transformationsdynamik auf nationaler wie europäischer Ebene ausgelöst werden. Deutschland sollte sich sowohl mit der Europäisierung als auch mit der Internationalisierung der Energiewende beschäftigen. Auch wenn der erste Ansatzpunkt in der EU liegen muss, bieten die Nachbarregionen perspektivisch ebenfalls ein großes Potential bei der Suche nach Synergien. Schließlich kann die Weiterentwicklung eines auf erneuerbaren Energien basierenden Strombinnenmarktes auch ein wichtiges strategisches Zukunftsprojekt für Zeiten der Krise in Europa sein. (Autorenreferat

Impact of Chlorine on the Internal Transition Rates and Excited States of the Thermally Delayed Activated Fluorescence Molecule 3CzClIPN

We analyze internal transition rates and the singlet-triplet energy gap of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule 3CzClIPN, which recently was introduced as an efficient photocatalyst. Distribution and origin of the non-monoexponential decays, which are commonly observed in TADF films, are revealed by analysis of transient fluorescence with an inverse Laplace transform. A numerically robust global rate fit routine, which extracts all relevant TADF parameters by modeling the complete set of data, is introduced. To compare and verify the results, all methods are also applied to the well-known 4CzIPN. The influence of the molecular matrix is discussed by embedding low concentrations of TADF molecules in polystyrene films. Finally, quantum chemical calculations are compared to the experimental results to demonstrate that the chlorine atom increases the charge transfer character of the relevant states, resulting in a reduction of the singlet-triplet energy gap

Rapid response to pandemic threats: immunogenic epitope detection of pandemic pathogens for diagnostics and vaccine development using peptide microarrays

Emergence and re-emergence of pathogens bearing the risk of becoming a pandemic threat are on the rise. Increased travel and trade, growing population density, changes in urbanization, and climate have a critical impact on infectious disease spread. Currently, the world is confronted with the emergence of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-$_{2}$, responsible for yet more than 800 000 deaths globally. Outbreaks caused by viruses, such as SARS-CoV-$_{2}$, HIV, Ebola, influenza, and Zika, have increased over the past decade, underlining the need for a rapid development of diagnostics and vaccines. Hence, the rational identification of biomarkers for diagnostic measures on the one hand, and antigenic targets for vaccine development on the other, are of utmost importance. Peptide microarrays can display large numbers of putative target proteins translated into overlapping linear (and cyclic) peptides for a multiplexed, high-throughput antibody analysis. This enabled for example the identification of discriminant/diagnostic epitopes in Zika or influenza and mapping epitope evolution in natural infections versus vaccinations. In this review, we highlight synthesis platforms that facilitate fast and flexible generation of high-density peptide microarrays. We further outline the multifaceted applications of these peptide array platforms for the development of serological tests and vaccines to quickly encounter pandemic threats

Learning Interacting Theories from Data

One challenge of physics is to explain how collective properties arise from microscopic interactions. Indeed, interactions form the building blocks of almost all physical theories and are described by polynomial terms in the action. The traditional approach is to derive these terms from elementary processes and then use the resulting model to make predictions for the entire system. But what if the underlying processes are unknown? Can we reverse the approach and learn the microscopic action by observing the entire system? We use invertible neural networks (INNs) to first learn the observed data distribution. By the choice of a suitable nonlinearity for the neuronal activation function, we are then able to compute the action from the weights of the trained model; a diagrammatic language expresses the change of the action from layer to layer. This process uncovers how the network hierarchically constructs interactions via nonlinear transformations of pairwise relations. We test this approach on simulated data sets of interacting theories. The network consistently reproduces a broad class of unimodal distributions; outside this class, it finds effective theories that approximate the data statistics up to the third cumulant. We explicitly show how network depth and data quantity jointly improve the agreement between the learned and the true model. This work shows how to leverage the power of machine learning to transparently extract microscopic models from data

Nonclassical binding of formylated peptide in crystal structure of the MHC class lb molecule H2-M3

AbstractH2-M3 is a class Ib MHC molecule of the mouse with a 104-fold preference for binding N-fonmylated peptides. To elucidate the basis of this unusual specificity, we expressed and crystallized a soluble form of M3 with a fonnylated nonamer peptide, fMYFINILTL, and determined the structure by X-ray crystallography. M3, refined at 2.1A˚resolution, resembles class la MHC molecules in its overall structure, but differs in the peptide-binding groove. The A pocket, which usually accommodates the free N-terminus of a bound peptide, is closed, and the peptide Is shifted one residue, such that the P1 side chain is lodged in the B pocket. The formyl group Is coordinated by His-9 and a bound water on the floor of the groove

Разработка технологии ремонта намагниченных магистральных газопроводов

В выпускной квалификационной работе была разработана технология ремонта намагниченных магистральных газопроводов. Технология ремонта без предварительного размагничивания труб является выгодней, быстрее и проще в сравнении с технологией ремонта с предварительным размагничиванием, поскольку нет нужды в закупке размагничивающего оборудования, которое стоит 600 000 рублей. Не затрачивается время на нейтрализацию намагниченности. Не требуется специалист, который занимается размагничиванием. Так же качество сварного соединения будет выше, так как остаточная намагниченность не влияет на процесс сварки.In the final qualification work, a technology for repairing magnetized gas main pipelines was developed. The technology of repair without pre-demagnetization of pipes is more profitable, faster and easier in comparison with the technology of repair with pre-demagnetization, since there is no need to purchase demagnetizing equipment, which costs 600,000 rubles. No time is spent on neutralizing the magnetization. You do not need a specialist who is engaged in demagnetization. Also, the quality of the welded joint will be higher, since the residual magnetization does not affect the welding process

On-chip mass spectrometric analysis in non-polar solvents by liquid beam infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion/ionization

By the on-chip integration of a droplet generator in front of an emitter tip, droplets of non-polar solvents are generated in a free jet of an aqueous matrix. When an IR laser irradiates this free liquid jet consisting of water as the continuous phase and the non-polar solvent as the dispersed droplet phase, the solutes in the droplets are ionized. This ionization at atmospheric pressure enables the mass spectrometric analysis of non-polar compounds with the aid of a surrounding aqueous matrix that absorbs IR light. This works both for non-polar solvents such as n-heptane and for water non-miscible solvents like chloroform. In a proof of concept study, this approach is applied to monitor a photooxidation of N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. By using water as an infrared absorbing matrix, analytes, dissolved in non-polar solvents from reactions carried out on a microchip, can be desorbed and ionized for investigation by mass spectrometry

A Dissection of Spatially Resolved AGN Feedback across the Electromagnetic Spectrum

We present optical SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph integral field spectroscopy, Hubble Space Telescope optical imaging, Chandra X-ray imaging, and Very Large Array radio interferometry of the merging galaxy 2MASX J04234080+0408017, which hosts a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z = 0.046. Our observations reveal that radiatively driven, ionized gas outflows are successful to distances >10 kpc due to the low mass of the host system, encompassing the entirety of the observed optical emission. We also find that at large radii, where observed velocities cannot be reproduced by radiative driving models, high-velocity kinematics are likely due to mechanical driving from AGN winds impacting high-density host material. This impacting deposits sufficient energy to shock the host material, producing thermal X-ray emission and cosmic rays, which in turn promote the formation of in situ radio structure in a pseudo-jet morphology along the high-density lanes