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Adding Up the Spending: Fiscal Disparities and Philanthropy among New York City Charter Schools
This brief explores the financial resources of New York City charter schools. It also addresses differences in student population characteristics and student outcomes across New York City (NYC) charter schools, and evaluates how financial resources translate to other schooling inputs, such as more or less experienced teachers and smaller or larger class sizes.These schools are examined within the broader context of school funding equity and factors that other research has shown to have the potential to advance or disrupt educational equity. In American public education, funding equity involves multiple levels, linked to the multiple levels of our school systems. State systems govern local public school districts, with schools nested within districts. Public charter schools are either nested within districts or operate as independent entities.NYC charter schools are of particular interest to national audiences mainly because they have been used to argue that charter schools outperform public schools and that New York's experience with charter schools suggests a transferable, nationally scalable policy option. Three studies concerning NYC charter schools in particular are frequently cited: Dobbie & Fryer, 2009; Hoxby, Murarka and Kang, 2009; and CREDO, 2009.It is important to note, however, that the NYC context may be unique in terms of the role played by philanthropy and so-called venture philanthropy. Significant philanthropic attention has been focused on charter management organizations like the Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP) and Achievement First, which manage charter schools in NYC and elsewhere. NYC charter schools are both touted and blasted in the popular media as being the new favored charities of, for example, wealthy hedge fund managers. The extent that NYC charters have become philanthropic favorites means that NYC charter schools may be quite different from those in places like Missouri or Arizona, distant from the NYC philanthropic culture. In fact, even charter schools in Albany and Buffalo or across the river in New Jersey may be insulated from this unique financial setting. Therefore, additional philanthropic resources may explain a great deal of the claimed success of NYC charter schools. If this is the case, attempts to replicate or scale up these supposed successes would be more difficult and costly than assumed.This brief offers concrete information about NYC charters and their finances to help ground these important policy discussions.This brief is published by the National Education Policy Center (NEPC), and is one of a series of briefs made possible in part by funding from The Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice
Assessing self-responsibility in employability competencies development among Australian engineering students: introductory report
Self-responsibility study initially outlined the importance of ‘self-directed Adult learning’ either as the method or
the outcome of education. Attention was given to the different interest of individual’s in accepting responsibility for their
professional development. In this regard, several sources reveal the need for learners to take their own responsibility for
developing employability competencies development. However, the concern must be expressed at the incompleteness of research
into the personal responsibility for competency development
Perfect Sampling with Unitary Tensor Networks
Tensor network states are powerful variational ans\"atze for many-body ground
states of quantum lattice models. The use of Monte Carlo sampling techniques in
tensor network approaches significantly reduces the cost of tensor
contractions, potentially leading to a substantial increase in computational
efficiency. Previous proposals are based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme
generated by locally updating configurations and, as such, must deal with
equilibration and autocorrelation times, which result in a reduction of
efficiency. Here we propose a perfect sampling scheme, with vanishing
equilibration and autocorrelation times, for unitary tensor networks -- namely
tensor networks based on efficiently contractible, unitary quantum circuits,
such as unitary versions of the matrix product state (MPS) and tree tensor
network (TTN), and the multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA).
Configurations are directly sampled according to their probabilities in the
wavefunction, without resorting to a Markov chain process. We also describe a
partial sampling scheme that can result in a dramatic (basis-dependent)
reduction of sampling error.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, renamed partial sampling to incomplete sampling
for clarity, extra references, plus a variety of minor change
Joint Accounts—Establishment of Deceased Donor Depositor\u27s Intent.—Idaho First National Bank v. First National Bank of Caldwell.
Sales—Effectiveness and Scope of Manufacturer\u27s Disclaimer of Warranties.— Hall v. Everett Motors, Inc.
Listening to Movement: The Use of Dance Movement Therapy in Groups to Reduce Anxiety in Males Struggling with Addiction
A study with the use of dance movement therapy as a counseling approach in a chemical dependency setting was presented. The objective of the study was to find out if the use of dance movement therapy in male chemical dependency groups reduces overall anxiety. The literature review describes dance movement therapy, aspects of chemical dependency and addiction, dance movement therapy used with specific populations, chemical addiction with creative art therapies, the process of recovery (stages of change), fundamentals of group work, anxiety, and movement therapy techniques used in chemical dependency groups. Methods of the study were presented with the use of four movement therapy interventions. The instrument and participants were also described. The results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively through pre and post test results and observations. The discussion presents areas for additional research and implications for future research
Bridging Inequity Through Farmer’s Market Mobility: Food Access Barriers and Alternative Food Systems in Kingston, New York
Low-income communities in the United States face disproportionately higher levels of food access barriers than other demographics in the country. Flawed public transportation systems, high cost, inefficient government food assistance programs, and structural exclusivity have created a food system that is largely inaccessible for many low-income individuals. This project demonstrates existing inequity in our food systems and illustrates the ways and which it is experienced by low-income demographics. It describes ways that geographic and physical space, economics, policy, and socio-cultural components impact food access experiences, and the ways these components impact choice and decision-making. While the existing system is unjust and inequitable, alternative food systems can create and foster equity and resiliency. This project illustrates existing exclusivity in alternative food systems, while advocating for their necessity in creating broad systematic change. They must be redefined and recreated as inclusive, community systems, and through this, they have the potential to foster community, create resiliency local food systems, and increase equity. This project uses Kingston, New York as a case study to examine existing barriers and the potential for farmer’s markets and urban farms, such as the Kingston YMCA Farm Project to mitigate food access barriers
A biophysical model of prokaryotic diversity in geothermal hot springs
Recent field investigations of photosynthetic bacteria living in geothermal
hot spring environments have revealed surprisingly complex ecosystems, with an
unexpected level of genetic diversity. One case of particular interest involves
the distribution along hot spring thermal gradients of genetically distinct
bacterial strains that differ in their preferred temperatures for reproduction
and photosynthesis. In such systems, a single variable, temperature, defines
the relevant environmental variation. In spite of this, each region along the
thermal gradient exhibits multiple strains of photosynthetic bacteria adapted
to several distinct thermal optima, rather than the expected single thermal
strain adapted to the local environmental temperature. Here we analyze
microbiology data from several ecological studies to show that the thermal
distribution field data exhibit several universal features independent of
location and specific bacterial strain. These include the distribution of
optimal temperatures of different thermal strains and the functional dependence
of the net population density on temperature. Further, we present a simple
population dynamics model of these systems that is highly constrained by
biophysical data and by physical features of the environment. This model can
explain in detail the observed diversity of different strains of the
photosynthetic bacteria. It also reproduces the observed thermal population
distributions, as well as certain features of population dynamics observed in
laboratory studies of the same organisms
A Comparison of a Full Time Grazing and a Partial Storage Feeding System, for Dairy Cows
Partial storage feeding has been adopted by a number of Northern Ireland dairy farmers in recent years. This is due in part to increasing cow numbers, and as such, insufficient pasture close to the milking parlour to permit full time grazing. Partial storage feeding may also have environmental benefits, as well as reducing labour requirements associated with \u27droving\u27 and pasture management. In view of this, a study was undertaken to examine animal performance with either a full-time grazing, or a partial storage feeding regime
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