Evaluación y análisis comparativo de los efectos de los métodos de representación de movimiento en el proceso de aprendizaje motor

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de lectura: 17-05-202

Conductas sexuales de riesgo y búsqueda consciente de infección por VIH/SIDA (bug-chasing): una revisión narrativa desde la Psicología

Las conductas sexuales de riesgo han sido estudiadas con mayor frecuencia en los últimos años. El término ba-rebacking hace referencia al sexo anal sin protección referido a hombres que mantienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres, aunque el término se ha hecho extensible al sexo sin protección en general, incluyendo también a mujeres. Dentro de los barebackers, hay una población de hombres denominados bug-chasers. La práctica del bug-chasinghace referencia a la búsqueda activa y consciente de infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Las personas seropositivas que transmiten el virus reciben el nombre de give-givers (“entregadores del regalo”). La presente revisión narrativa tuvo como objetivo principal conceptualizar y caracterizar estas poblaciones centrándose, además, en la evaluación de las principales teorías motivacionales que intentan explicar el fenómeno del bug-chasing. Un objetivo secundario fue analizar el papel de algunas variables de interés tales como la adicción al sexo, la auto-humillación, las preferencias de prácticas sexuales, preferencias de búsqueda de pareja, abuso de sustancias, la autoidentificación o los roles sexuales en bug-chasers y su comparación con barebackers y give-givers. Se necesita mayor investigación para dar respuestas a distintos interrogantes todavía presentes en el actual estado de la cuestión.Sexual risk behaviours have been studied increasingly in recent years. The term barebacking refers to unprotected anal sex referring to men who have sex with other men although the term has been extended to unprotected sex in general, including women as well. Within barebackers, there is a population of men called bug-chasers. The practice of bug-chasing involves the active and conscious pursuit of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-positive people who transmit the virus are called give-givers. The main aim of this narrative review was to conceptualize and characterize these populations, focusing also on the evaluation of the main motivational theories that try to explain the bug-chasing phenomenon. The secondary aim was to analyze the role of some variables of interest such as sex addition, self-humiliation, sexual practice preferences, partner search preferences, substance abuse, self-identification or sexual roles in bug-chasers and their comparison with barebackers and give-givers. Further research is needed to provide an-swers to various questions still present in the current state of the art

Therapeutic exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome: a narrative review

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterised by the presence of distributed pain in different areas of the body accompanied by the alteration of some functions such as the activity of the neurovegetative system, the sleep quality, or the presence of fatigue. The present narrative review aims to evaluate some key studies regarding the effects of different therapeutic exercise (TE) modalities on clinical variables of interest in patients with FMS, as well as to discuss some of the possible mechanisms of action of TE in improving pain intensity in patients with FMS. All aerobic, strengthening, and body-mind exercises were shown to bring about changes in the improvement of clinical variables of interest in patients with FMS. In addition, with regard to the improvement of pain intensity, there are different arguments that could explain the hypoalgesic effect of TE (structured in physical, neurophysiological, and psychosocial mechanisms). In conclusion, TE is a clinical tool with great potential for patients with FMS as it may produce hypoalgesia through physical, neurophysiological, and psychosocial mechanisms. All these TE modalities have demonstrated in isolation a remarkable effectiveness in the overall improvement of patients with FMS. However, more research is needed in this field especially on the long-term effects and on the combination of the different training modalities

Combining motor imagery with action observation training does not lead to a greater autonomic nervous system response than motor imagery alone during simple and functional movements: a randomized controlled trial

Both motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) trigger the activation of the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie the planning and execution of voluntary movements in a manner that resembles how the action is performed in a real way. The main objective of the present study was to compare the autonomic nervous system (ANS) response in an isolated MI group compared to a combined MI + AO group. The mental tasks were based on two simple movements that are recorded in the revised movement imagery questionnaire in third-person perspective. The secondary objective of the study was to test if there was any relationship between the ANS variables and the ability to generate mental motor imagery, the mental chronometry and the level of physical activity. The main outcomes that were measured were heart rate, respiratory rate and electrodermal activity. A Biopac MP150 system, a measurement device of autonomic changes, was used for the quantification and evaluation of autonomic variables. Forty five asymptomatic subjects were selected and randomized in three groups: isolated MI, MI + AO and control group (CG). In regards to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), no differences were observed between MI and MI + AO groups (p > .05), although some differences were found between both groups when compared to the CG (p < .05). Additionally, even though no associations were reported between the ANS variables and the ability to generate mental motor imagery, moderate-strong positive associations were found in mental chronometry and the level of physical activity. Our results suggest that MI and MI + AO, lead to an activation of the SNS, although there are no significant differences between the two groups. Based on results obtained, we suggest that tasks of low complexity, providing a visual input through the AO does not facilitates their subsequent motor imagination. A higher level of physical activity as well as a longer time to perform mental task, seem to be associated with a greater increase in the ANS response

Implementation of Online Behavior Modification Techniques in the Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) was to assess the effectiveness of online behavior modification techniques (e-BMT) in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: We conducted a search of Medline (PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, APA PsychInfo, and Psychological and Behavioral Collections, from inception to the 30 August 2021. The main outcome measures were pain intensity, pain interference, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing and self-efficacy. The statistical analysis was conducted using RStudio software. To compare the outcomes reported by the studies, we calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) over time and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for the continuous variables. Results: Regarding pain intensity (vs. usual care/waiting list), we found a statistically significant trivial effect size in favor of e-BMT (n = 5337; SMD = −0.17; 95% CI −0.26, −0.09). With regard to pain intensity (vs. in-person BMT) we found a statistically significant small effect size in favor of in-person BMT (n = 486; SMD = 0.21; 95%CI 0.15, 0.27). With respect to pain interference (vs. usual care/waiting list) a statistically significant small effect size of e-BMT was found (n = 1642; SMD = −0.24; 95%CI −0.44, −0.05). Finally, the same results were found in kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and self-efficacy (vs. usual care/waiting list) where we found a statistically significant small effect size in favor of e-BMT. Conclusions: e-BMT seems to be an effective option for the management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions although it does not appear superior to in-person BMT in terms of improving pain intensity

Minimal Dose of Resistance Exercise Required to Induce Immediate Hypotension Effect in Older Adults with Hypertension:Randomized Cross-Over Controlled Trial

To determine the optimal exercise volume to generate a hypotension response after the execution of a single strength exercise in elderly subjects with hypertension (HT), a randomized crossover design was performed. A total of 19 elderly subjects with HT performed one control session and three experimental sessions of resistance training with different volumes in a randomized order: three, six, and nine sets of 20 repetitions maximum (RM) of a single elbow flexion exercise with elastic bands. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean heart rate (MHR) were tested at the beginning and immediately afterwards, at 30 and 60 min, and at 4, 5, and 6 h after the resistance exercise. The results show that the volumes of six and nine sets of 20 RM obtained statistically significant differences in the SBP at 30 and 60 min post-exercise (p &lt; 0.05); in the DBP at 30 min after exercise (p &lt; 0.05); and in the MHR immediately after exercise at 30 and 60 min (p &lt; 0.05), compared to a control session. A single resistance exercise with a minimum volume of six sets of 20 RM generated an acute post-exercise antihypertensive response that was maintained for 60 min in elderly people with controlled HT

Effect of Physiotherapeutic Interventions on Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Literature.

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of physiotherapeutic interventions on biomarkers of neuropathic pain in preclinical models of peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). The search was performed in Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane, Cinhal, Psycinfo, Scopus, Medline, and Science Direct. Studies evaluating any type of physiotherapy intervention for PNP (systemic or traumatic) were included. Eighty-one articles were included in this review. The most common PNP model was chronic constriction injury, and the most frequently studied biomarkers were related to neuro-immune processes. Exercise therapy and Electro-acupuncture were the 2 most frequently studied physiotherapy interventions while acupuncture and joint mobilization were less frequently examined. Most physiotherapeutic interventions modulated the expression of biomarkers related to neuropathic pain. Whereas the results seem promising; they have to be considered with caution due to the high risk of bias of included studies and high heterogeneity of the type and anatomical localization of biomarkers reported. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019142878). Perspective This article presents the current evidence about physiotherapeutic interventions on biomarkers of neuropathic pain in preclinical models of peripheral neuropathic pain. Existing findings are reviewed, and relevant data are provided on the effectiveness of each physiotherapeutic modality, as well as its certainty of evidence and clinical applicability.post-print761 K

Importance of frequency and intensity of strength training for work ability among physical therapists

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between frequency and intensity of strength training participation and work ability among physical therapists (PTs). The Work Ability Index questionnaire (WAI) and a questionnaire about participation in strength training during leisure time were administered to a sample of Spanish PTs. In addition, participants provided information on gender, age, body mass index, education, substance use, working experience and working hours per week. The odds for having excellent WAI (score 44–49) as a function of intensity or frequency of strength training participation were determined using binary logistic regression controlled for various confounders. Data from 981 PTs were analysed. High-intensity strength training (&gt; 80% 1 RM) showed strong associations with excellent WAI (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.9–31.6). In addition, performing strength training more than 3 times per week was associated with excellent WAI (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–2.59), however, no significant associations were found with lower levels of frequency and intensities. High-intensity strength training 3 times per week is associated with excellent WAI among PTs. Training programs meeting these features may importantly contribute to maintain or improve WAI

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Biological and Body Composition Variables in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

In order to assess the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on biological and body composition variables in patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSKD), a systematic search on PubMed (Medline), CENTRAL, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus was conducted. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled in a meta-analysis using the random-effects model. The effectiveness of HIIT on waist circumference, muscle mass, resting heart rate, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, body weight, and body fat were determined. GRADE, risk of bias 2, and PEDro scales were employed. HIIT compared to no intervention, minimal intervention, or usual care did not show significant results in its favor on any of the variables studied, except for the resting heart rate when compared with no intervention (SMD = −0.33; 95% CI: −0.63, −0.04; heterogeneity Q value: 0.14; p = 0.93; I2 = 0%). In addition, HIIT also does not seem to be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training. Based on the results, it seems that HIIT has almost no significant effects on biological and body composition variables, except for resting heart rate, in patients with MSKD

Physical and Quality of Life Changes in Elderly Patients after Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer-A Prospective Cohort Study

Background—The incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing among elderly people, where postoperative complications are frequent. Methods—We evaluated postoperative physical and quality of life changes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. A prospective cohort study was performed in 31 colorectal cancer patients ≥60 years who were scheduled for laparoscopic surgery due to colorectal cancer. Outcomes were measured one month preoperative (T1), three days postoperative (T2) and one month postoperative (T3). Results—The largest early postoperative (from T1 to T2) declines were observed for isometric knee extension strength (33.1%), 30 s Chair Stand Test (27.9%) and handgrip strength (16.9%). Significant reductions in quality of life measured with the QLQ-C30 summary score and the EQ 5D index score were found between T1–T3 and T1–T2, respectively. Conclusions—A decline in isometric knee extension strength, 30 s Chair Stand Test, handgrip strength and quality of life is evident in elderly patients in the days following laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. Preoperative values are recovered one month after surgery for all the outcomes, except for isometric knee extension, which should receive especial attention