Встановлення Одиничного Злочину Як Складового Елементу Множинності Злочинів На Підставі Вироку Суду Іноземної Держави

This article is devoted to the issue of establishing a single crime as constituent elements multiple crimes based on the verdict of a foreign state, based on the analysis of existing legislation, including Ukraine ratified conventions and bilateral treaties. The presence of a single offense as constituent elements of a form of multiple crimes can also be found by a court of Ukraine based on the verdict of one of the above listed foreign states. By the prospects for future research include studying the conditions for recognition verdict of a foreign country because of the provisions of the Code of Ukraine.Стаття присвячена питанню встановлення одиничного злочину як скла­дового елементу множинності злочинів на підставі вироку суду іноземної дер­жави, виходячи із аналізу чинного законодавства, в тому числі ратифікованих Україною конвенцій та двохсторонніх міжнародних договорів

The Importance of Funding Channels for Microfinance Performance

This paper studies the importance of microfinance funding channels by analyzing how for-profit and non-profit microfinance institutions’ performances differ in practice. Generally all MFIs seek financial sustainability in order to avoid reliance on external funding and increase efficiency. However, for-profit MFIs tend to rely more heavily on standard economic assumptions established by the neoclassical economics model, shifting the priority away from the social and economic development process among poor communities to the final product of loan repayment enjoyed by such institutions. By contrast, non-profit MFIs attracting donors contributions tend to focus more closely on shifts in social dynamics within communities they sponsor leading to higher development enjoyed by such communities in the long run

Kwestia gatunkowego i historycznego kontekstu lwowskiej „Prosfonemy” z 1591 roku

The article updates a long-term discussion about the genre of the early baroque Prosphonema of 1591 (the first known literary work that came out of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood) and a number of other texts from the end of the 16th to the first half of the 17th century. The gradual formation of scientific understanding of the genre polysemantics of early Baroque works, along with their belonging to the literary and proto-theatrical spheres is traced. At the same time, the article highlights the direct relationship between the panegyric declamation constructions of the Prosphonema to the actual history of the judicial confrontation between the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood and the episcopate in 1590–1591. Such historical contribution may aspire to a separate methodological status in the study of declamatory and panegyric literary forms.Artykuł aktualizuje wieloletnią debatę na temat gatunkowego charakteru wczesnobarokowej Prosfonemy z 1591 r. (pierwszego znanego dzieła literackiego, które powstało w Bractwie Lwowskim) oraz szeregu innych tekstów z końca XVI – pierwszej połowy XVII w. Autor pokazuje, jak stopniowo w nauce kształtowało się rozumienie gatunkowej wieloznaczności dzieł wczesnego baroku oraz ich przynależności do literackich form prototeatralnych. Artykuł dowodzi również zasadności analizy pochwalnej i przeznaczonej do wygłoszenia Prosfonemy w kontekście sądowego konfliktu między Bractwem Lwowskim a biskupem w latach 1590–1591. Zaproponowana aktualizacja wymaga nowego metodologicznego podejścia do badania tego rodzaju literackich zabytków

Is archaeology relevant? an examination of the roles of archaeology in education

The recent re-evaluation of archaeology's raison d'etre has opened up the new field of public archaeology, which focuses upon increasing the public's awareness of and appreciation for archaeological research, the value of conserving archaeological resources and ultimately, the richness and diversity of past human cultures. Educational archaeologists have supported this emerging emphasis through development of educational materials and programs which bring archaeology to elementary and secondary students. As the field of educational archaeology has matured, a gradual evolution of thought has resulted in the initial emphasis on excavation and discovery of artifacts being replaced by an emphasis on conservation of archaeological resources and utilizing archaeology as a vehicle for presenting culture history. Recent educational archaeology programs have espoused a stewardship message and have focused on archaeology's relevance as an educational medium. Examination of archaeology's roles in education suggests archaeology's integrative, multidisciplinary nature and holistic perspective constitute a discipline well suited to education. Development of educationally, archaeologically and culturally valid educational archaeology programs ensures the continuation of archaeological research in a society which values knowledge of the past and supports a conservation ethic

Henry Addington, Prime Minister 1801-1804: Peace, War, and Parliamentary Politics

No modern British Prime Minister has been so thoroughly misunderstood or simply dismissed as Henry Addington. Fedorak demonstrates that, contrary to the views of his opponents and many historians, Addington was an astute and effective Prime Minister. His fall after three years in office was the result of a complex train of circumstances in which questions of personality, both within and outside the government, played a major part. Addington, who had no ambition for higher office, agreed to become Prime Minister only because his predecessor, William Pitt the Younger, and King George III insisted. He immediately faced the serious and difficult challenge of leading a relatively inexperienced Cabinet to deal with a series of military, diplomatic, economic, and social crises caused by war and famine. Fedorak demonstrates that Addington dealt with these crises as successfully as the circumstances would allow and left a lasting mark on British politics. He negotiated peace with Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and France. He repaired the government finances, delivered the first modern budget speech, and ameliorated social unrest. After boldly declaring war on France in 1803, he doubled the productivity of the Income Tax, and raised more than 600,000 men at arms to fight the French.https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/uapress_publications/1069/thumbnail.jp

Metabolomic profiles are gender, disease and time specific in the interleukin-10 gene-deficient mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease.

Metabolomic profiling can be used to study disease-induced changes in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the metabolomic profile of males and females as they developed IBD. Using the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse model of IBD and wild-type mice, urine at age 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks was collected and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Multivariate data analysis was employed to assess differences in metabolomic profiles that occurred as a consequence of IBD development and severity (at week 20). These changes were contrasted to those that occurred as a consequence of gender. Our results demonstrate that both IL-10 gene-deficient and wild-type mice exhibit gender-related changes in urinary metabolomic profile over time. Some male-female separating metabolites are common to both IL-10 gene-deficient and control wild-type mice and, therefore, appear to be related predominantly to gender maturation. In addition, we were able to identify gender-separating metabolites that are unique for IL-10 gene-deficient and wild-type mice and, therefore, may be indicative of a gender-specific involvement in the development and severity of the intestinal inflammation. The comparison of the gender-separating metabolomic profile from IL-10 gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice during the development of IBD allowed us to identify changes in profile patterns that appear to be imperative in the development of intestinal inflammation, but yet central to gender-related differences in IBD development. The knowledge of metabolomic profile differences by gender and by disease severity has potential clinical implications in the design of both biomarkers of disease as well as the development of optimal therapies

“Пташиний базар” Григорія Сковороди

The article draws attention to a variety of bird images in the works of Hryhoriy Skovoroda. Giving a special catalog of these images, the author focuses on clarifying their allegorical and symbolic content as important point for the study of Skovoroda’s philosophical and ethical considerations. The images having invariably positive or mainly negative meaning when used for illustrating Skovoroda’s concept of “natural work” are pointed out. Besides, it is emphasized that some ‘bird’ characters (such as ‘Tetervak’) and a number of purely symbolic designs (‘bird Eternity’, ‘dove wings’ and others) are ambivalent.Стаття  звертає  увагу  на  різноманітні  “пташині”  образи  у  творах  Г. Сковороди.  Подаючи своєрідний  каталог  цих  образів,  автор  статті  зосереджується  на  з’ясуванні  їх  символічного й  алегоричного  наповнення,  важливого  для  дослідження  філософських  і  морально-етичних побудов Сковороди. У процесі аналізу виокремлено образи-ілюстрації з незмінно позитивним і  переважно  негативним  для  сковородинської  концепції  “сродної  праці”  змістом.  Окремо акцентовано  амбівалентність  деяких  “пташиних”  персонажів  (як-от  тетервак)  і  низку  суто символічних конструкцій (“птиця Вічність”, “голубині крила” й ін.)

L’impact de la Révolution française et de Napoléon sur l’armée britannique et la Grande-Bretagne en tant que nation armée

Pour la Grande-Bretagne, les guerres qu’elle mena contre la France en révolution, puis contre Napoléon, furent les plus importantes de son histoire jusqu’alors. La Grande-Bretagne s’engagea, entre 1793 et 1802, puis entre 1803 et 1815, dans des campagnes sanglantes, au coût élevé et de grande ampleur. Cet article s’attache à recenser les ouvrages récents concernant la défense militaire et civile de la Grande-Bretagne pendant cette longue lutte, et plus particulièrement les travaux relatifs à la nature et à l’échelle des conflits, au recrutement des forces militaires, qu’elles soient professionnelles ou occasionnelles, au rôle de l’armée pendant toutes ces campagnes et enfin aux biographies des dirigeants militaires.The Impact of the French Revolution and Napoleon on the British Army and the British Armed Nation. Britain opposed the French Revolution and Napoleon in the greatest wars in her history to that date. Britain waged extensive, costly and bloody campaigns from 1793 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1815. This essay examines recent studies of the contribution of Britain’s army and civil defence forces to this long struggle, looking at works on the nature and scale of the conflict, the recruitment to the professional and part-time forces, the role of the army in various campaigns and the biographies of leading commanders

The Addington ministry and the interaction of foreign policy and domestic politics, 1800-1804.

Historians have generally dismissed the ministry of Henry Addington as an absurd interlude in the political career of William Pitt, the Younger, and the few attempts to rehabilitate Addington have been unable to overcome the weight of this negative historiography. The focus of contemporary and historical criticism has centred on the foreign and war policies of the ministry, but this has failed to take into account the serious and interrelated diplomatic, military, social, and political problems faced by the government. Social unrest caused largely by high prices of grain, political pressure from interests that had been hurt by the closure of European markets to British trade, and a poor diplomatic and strategic position meant that peace was highly desirable but that concessions were necessary to obtain it. While the end of the war helped to resolve the social pressures upon the government and enabled it to implement some useful reforms, continued French aggression created new diplomatic problems and led to the resumption of war. The disadvantageous terms of the peace treaty and the difficulties that the ministry faced preparing for a French invasion when the war resumed fostered political opposition to the government within Parliament. These opponents of the ministry had unrealistic expectations of what the British government could accomplish because they did not understand the complexity of the problems that it faced. Lacking sufficient debating and parliamentary management skills, however, the ministry was unable to restrain a political assault led by the most talented and influential men in Parliament. Thus despite pursuing policies that were largely sensible considering the various political pressures and several of which were continued or reintroduced by future ministries, Addington chose to resign to avoid defeat in the House of Commons