RELATIONSHIP OF SALIVARY PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY TO CD4+ LEVEL IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS: HUBUNGAN AKTIVITAS PEROKSIDASE SALIVA TERHADAP TINGKAT CD4 PASIEN HIV/AIDS

Human whole saliva contains peroxidases (human peroxidase and myeloperoxidase) which are part of the innate host defence mechanism in oral cavity. The primary function is to catalyse the oxidation of thyocyanate, in the presence of hydrogen peroxidase, that resulting in the end product of wide antimicrobial activity. Patient with HIV/AIDS is often decreased in salivary flow rate, and this condition may also change the salivary composisition. These changes are contributed in oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary peroxidase activities of HIV/AIDS patients. The study involved 98 patients with HIV/AIDS of whom 55 were men and 43 were women. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and all the patients received a complete oral examination. The saliva samples were analysed with Bradford assay (with Bradford reagent) and salivary peroxidase measurement with microplate reader and read at 450 nm wave length. The results showed that the mean concentration of total salivary protein and peroxidase in this study population was 1169µg/ml (SD±186.1) and 6.101unit/mg Protein (SD±1.26) respectively. It showed a tendency that the lower the CD4 level, the higher the total protein concentration as well as salivary peroxidase activity, however the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Patients’ data on age, sex, salivary flow rate and pH did not significantly influencing the total salivary protein concentration as well as the peroxidase activity (p>0.05). This study showed that salivary peroxidase activity have a correlation with the total salivary protein concentration. There was a tendency of higher total protein concentration and salivary peroxidase activity found in patients with lower CD4 counts but in those with more acidic saliva. In conclusion, salivary peroxidase activity have a correlation with the total salivary protein concentration in HIV/AIDS patients

Multiple Clinical Findings on The Tongue: Variants of Normal or Pathologic Condition? (A Case Report): Temuan Klinis Multipel pada Lidah: Variasi Normal atau Kondisi Patologis? (Sebuah Laporan Kasus)

Various normal and pathologic findings might occasionally be found on the tongue and might confuse some patients and clinician due to its atypical presentation. This case report aimed to present a case report of multiple oral findings related to variants of normal and pathological findings on the tongue: geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and central papillary atrophy. A 53-year-old male patient came to Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital for a dental check-up. Objective examination in the tongue showed depapilated areas surrounded by keratinized lining in the ventral and lateral left and right area of the tongue, multiple fissures in all over the dorsum of the tongue, and an ovoid redness area in the middle of 2/3 posterior dorsum part of the tongue. All those findings were asymptomatic. Those clinical findings were diagnosed as geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and central papillary atrophy. This case presents unique multiple variants of normal and pathological findings in the tongue. It is important to an oral health professional to have knowledge and ability to determine normal anatomy, variants of normal and pathological lesions. Patients should be informed and educated about oral mucosa normal variations and related clinical findings so they would not develop unnecessary anxiety. Keywords: central papillary atrophy, fissured tongue, geographic tongue, normal variation

IDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR RISIKO TERJADINYA KOLONISASI SPESIES CANDIDA DI RONGGA MULUT PADA INDIVIDU SEHAT (PENELITIAN PADA MAHASISWA & MAHASISWI FKG UI)

Introduction : Cases of oral candidiasis are commonly found, both in healthy individuals and immunecompromise patients, however publications of Candida carrier in the oral cavity of healthy population and risk factors for colonization in Indonesia are hardly available. Objective : This study was aimed to analyze the type and number of Candida colonies and identify risk factors in the oral cavity of apparenthly health FKG UI students. Material and methods : the specimens were taken from 195 subjects with oral rinse technique for identification using culture medium CHROMagar® and Sabaraoud dextrose agar. Results and discussion : Candida species were found in the 107 subjects oral cavity (54.87%), being Candida albicans was is the predominant species (52.33%). Some 88 subjects (82.24%) was dominant in the number of colonies 400 CFU/ml, while the rest had colony of 400 CFU/ml (17.76%). Candida colony grew dominantly in single colony (90.65%), and the others showed multi-species colonies (9.34%). Risk factors identified included age; gender; hormonal; blood type O; denture; orthodontic appliances; unstimulated salivary flow; pH of saliva; smoking, alcohol and oral cleaning habit; and oral health status. By using a statistical Pearson chi-square test, no  significant relationship was found between risk factors and number of Candida colonies in the oral cavity p0.05. Conclusion : there was no one single risk factor for Candida colonization, but  combination of various risk factors for demographis, local and systemic was observe

SALIVARY PROFILE AND IDENTIFICATION OF EXISTING CANDIDA sp OF AN INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY POPULATION IN JAKARTA: PROFIL SALIVA DAN IDENTIFIKASI KEBERADAAN CANDIDA sp PADA LANSIA DI PANTI JOMPO DI JAKARTA

Saliva plays an important role to protect oral and dental health, in maintenance oral microflora balance. In elderly, disease, and medications usually influence the saliva. The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate salivary profile, oral symptoms of dryness, and existing of Candida sp of an institutionalized elderly in Jakarta, Twenty seven (27) elderly (17 men and 10 women) were examined in a cross sectional study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for 5 minutes, according to published protocol, and then salivary flow rate and pH were measured. Candida sp were cultured in CHROM agar. The yeasts were counted and identified. Oral symptom or complaints of oral dryness, and burning or itching were recorded with an interview. Data of systemic conditions and medication the used were obtained from the medical record. Eighteen (66.7%) CHROM agar plates were Candida sp positive cultured, and about 61.1% subjects’ salivary pH were below normal range. Twenty one (77.8%) subjects had oral symptom and complain about oral dryness, even thought the salivary flow rate were in normal range. In this study, C.albicans is not the most frequently found colonized. About 72% were identified not C.albicans. This study suggests that, in elderly which salivary pH was below normal range have greater opportunistic infected by Candida sp. It can be concluded that, the result did not confirm a significant difference between subjects’ data and salivary profile concentration. The mycological finding Candida albicans is not the most frequently found colonized in this elderly population. Further study which lagger elderly population and might give deeper insights of salivary profile in this population

Oral Health and Salivary Profiles of Geriatric Outpatients in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hosp ital

Introduction: Population of geriatric patients would increase in line with that of elderly population. Health problems related to this group of people would have impact on general and oral health maintenance aiming for good quality of life. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the profile of oral health, saliva, and oral mucosa on geriatric patients at Geriatric Policlinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive crosssectional study, which data was taken using questionnaire containing basic demographical information and oral clinical examination using standard form used by Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia. Results: The study included 75 geriatric patients, ranging from 60 to 86 of age. The mean of DMF-T score of 69 geriatric patients was 4.68 ±2.893, OHI-S 2.790 ±1.102, PBI 0.779±0.585. The mean of unstimulated salivary pH score was 6.618 ± 0.54 and stimulated buffer capacity of saliva was 7.46±2.827. Mean of salivary flow rate is 0.24mL/min and 39 people had hiposalivation. 93 normal variations and 117 pathological oral lesion was found. Conclusion: This study showed that poor oral health status and pathological oral lesion found in this study elderly population could be caused from poor salivary flow, pH saliva, and buffer capacity of saliva. Systematic oral examination of the elderly is of considerable importance and ought be carried out regularly by a dentist in collaboration with the physician; making holistic management of the elderly properly performed.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v17i2.4

Hamartoma: Diagnostic Procedure of Unspecific Clinical Appearance in the Oral Cavity

Hamartoma is a benign tumor-like lesion composed of overgrowth of mature cells and tissues. Along with its unspecific appearance, it may occur in the oral cavity and bear resemblance to the other lesions. In this report we describes the clini-cal appearance of hamartoma as well as the diagnosis method in the case of a 37-year-old-man. The patient explained that he already has redness plaque lesion on his skin left cheek region since he was born. The lesion was sensed to grow and discomfort at the age of 22. A surgical therapy had been performed to reduce the size of lesion one year after, but the red-ness plaque still existed. Thirteen years following the operation, white lesion appeared on the inner left cheek 10 x 8.5 x 6 cm of size and extended onto lower lips within half a year. Diagnostic procedure was carried out such as biopsy, CT-scan and radiography with neuroma as an initial conclusion. New histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of hamartoma. It is concluded that adequate and appropriate biopsy procedure along with sufficient clinical information are needed to develop a proper diagnosis to distinguish hamartoma from other oral lesions.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v17i3.3

SALIVARY PROFILE AND XEROSTOMIA ON THE ELDERLY IN DEPOK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA: ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the profiles of saliva between sexes, age groups, types of systemic disease, medications, and xerostomia on an elderly population in Depok.Methods: The study was observational analytical with a cross-sectional study design. Sampling was through a consecutive sampling technique in subjects aged ≥60 years living in Depok. Subjects were examined for their saliva's volume, stimulated and unstimulated salivary analysis, pH, and buffer capacity. Subjects answered fox questionnaires about xerostomia and questionnaires about systemic diseases and medications.Results: Gender had a significant difference in salivary flow rate but was not significant to pH or buffer capacity. There were no significant differences between types of salivary profile among age, systemic diseases, and medications. The correlation coefficient between xerostomia and stimulated flow rate was higher (0.426) than the unstimulated flow rate (0.303).Conclusion: The unstimulated and stimulated flow rates exhibited a significant difference between men and women but did not differ significantly between age groups, systemic diseases, or medications. The pH and buffer capacity was not significantly different between sexes, age groups, type of systemic diseases, or medications. Xerostomia was associated with salivary flow rate

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KOTORAN UNGGAS YANG BERBEDA PADA MEDIA BUDIDAYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN CACING SUTRA (Tubifex sp.)

This study aims to determine the effect of using different poultry manure as a medium for its culture. The method used in this study is an experimental design using a random design with four treatments and three replications. The factors tested were the addition of different poultry manure such as without the addition of poultry manure (P0), the addition of free-range chicken manure (P1), the addition of laying hen manure (P2), and the addition of quail manure (P3). The results of ANOVA analysis using SPSS 20.0 showed that the addition of different poultry manure had a significant effect on the absolute biomass of tubifex worms. Duncan test results showed that the absolute biomass of tubifex worms in the P3 treatment (addition of quail manure) was significantly different from the other treatments. In addition, the media added with quail manure produced the highest absolute biomass (243,33 gram) compared to other treatments