Histoplasma capsulatum Infection in an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patient Receiving Voriconazole Prophylaxis

Histoplasma capsulatum infection is a rare complication in the allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Minimal guidance exists on how to appropriately manage histoplasmosis in these patients. We report a patient who developed Histoplasma pneumonia while receiving voriconazole prophylaxis at a therapeutic trough level. The patient experienced significant clinical improvement after initiation of itraconazole pharmacotherapy. We recommend a lower threshold for evaluation for histoplasmosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients who live in endemic regions, regardless of their antifungal prophylactic regimen

Production of Chemicals by Microwave Thermal Treatment of Lignin

RÉSUMÉ Ce travail a pour but d’étudier le potentiel de convertir un des composants de la biomasse lignocellulosique, la lignine, en produits à valeur ajoutée en utilisant la pyrolyse assistée par microondes (MWP). Pour atteindre cet objectif, plusieurs étapes ont été franchies. Nous avons tout d’abord réussi à prédire les profils de température au sein d’un matériau exposé aux ondes électromagnétiques (EMW) à l’aide d’un modèle mathématique tridimensionnel. Ensuite, un TGA-microondes (MW-TGA) original a été développé et mis en œuvre pour l’étude cinétique. Subséquemment, une comparaison entre la pyrolyse assistée par microondes et conventionnelle a été réalisée. L’étude structurelle détaillée de la bio-huile produite via MWP de la lignine kraft a été discutée en troisième étape. Finalement, un modèle cinétique des produits de la MWP ainsi que des produits chimiques extraits de la lignine kraft a été mis en place. Tout d’abord, un modèle mathématique tridimensionnel a été présenté pour simuler le profil de température à l’intérieur d’un matériau exposé aux ondes électromagnétiques à 2.45 GHz. Les applications de COMSOL-Multiphysics ont permis de simuler le profil de température transitoire pour la pinède, le carbone, le Pyrex et des combinaisons de ces matériaux sous différentes conditions. Les résultats prédits ont été comparés aux données expérimentales pour la validation du modèle. Cette étude nous a permis de conclure que le chauffage microondes (MWH) induit à une distribution non-uniforme de la température dûment à la longueur de pénétration (Dp) et à la perte surfacique de chaleur. Toutefois, le gradient de température peut être minimisé significativement si l’on réduit les dimensions du matériau exposé à deux fois la Dp et l’on place un bon isolant thermique à sa surface. Le positionnement des matériaux avec forte/faible capacité de convertir la radiation microonde en chaleur pourrait favoriser des zones chaudes/froides désirées à l’intérieur du matériau chauffé, ce qui permet un profil spécifique de température. En outre, l’addition de matériaux de forte capacité de convertir les microondes en chaleur à la charge permet d’atteindre des températures beaucoup plus importantes comparées au cas du matériau seul exposé à la même puissance et temps de chauffage. Les discussions présentées dans cette étude visent à améliorer l’état de l’art par rapport aux profils de température dans un matériau composite soumis au chauffage microondes ainsi qu’à développer une approche pour influencer/contrôler ces profils de température selon la sélection des matériaux. L’objectif principal de la deuxième étape est d’étudier la cinétique de la MWP versus la pyrolyse conventionnelle (CP). Pour ce faire, un MW-TGA original a été construit et équipé d’un thermomètre novateur. Ce thermomètre est exempt des désavantages des thermomètres traditionnels dans le cas du MWH. Ainsi, le travail expérimental impliquant la MWP et la CP de la sciure de bois a été accompli. Des programmes MATLAB® ont été développés pour estimer les paramètres cinétiques, à savoir l’énergie d’activation, le facteur pré-exponentiel ainsi que l’ordre de la réaction (Ea, ko, et n, respectivement). Nous avons essentiellement conclu de ce travail que la MWP a une vitesse de réaction plus importante que celle de la CP. Ceci peut s’expliquer par le fait que les EMW oscillantes ont engendré un mouvement chaotique plus aigu des molécules ce qui influence le paramètre ko. Malgré cet effet remarquable sur ce ko, l’énergie d’activation demeure presque constante dans les deux cas. La possibilité de l’influence directe des ondes sur les liaisons intermoléculaires semble être ténue vu que la longueur des ondes est beaucoup plus grande que la distance intramoléculaire. Ce résultat est aussi puissant qu’il permettrait d’interpréter une grande majorité des effets du MWH reportés dans différentes réactions. La troisième étape présente une analyse détaillée de la structure des huiles produites par MWP de la lignine kraft. L’effet de deux paramètres a été évalué : (1) l’ajout d’un bon convertisseur de microondes-en-chaleur (noir de carbone) entre 20 et 40 wt%, et (2) la puissance nominale des microondes entre 1.5 et 2.7 kW. Cinq combinaisons pour ces deux variables ont été choisies pour lesquelles la radiation microondes a été gardée pendant 800 s. Les températures finales atteintes, mesurées en tant que valeur moyenne spatiale, étaient 900, 980, 1065, 1150, et 1240 K. Les rendements en produits de pyrolyse, solides, gaz condensables, et gaz non-condensables ont été comparés pour les conditions opératoires étudiées. Les gaz condensables collectés ont été séparés selon une phase-huile, prédominée de produits chimiques, et une phase aqueuse contenant surtout de l’eau et ayant une densité moindre que la phase-huile. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’augmentation de la vitesse de chauffe et de la température finale induit une augmentation du rendement en produits liquides. Les produits identifiés dans les huiles par GC-MS étaient majoritairement aromatiques : gaïacols, phénols, and catéchols. Toutefois, autour de 60 wt% n’a pas pu être identifié par GC-MS d’où le recours à la spectroscopie RMN 31P et 13C offrant plus de détails sur la composition structurelle des huiles. Selon l’analyse RMN, 80% du carbone détecté dans la phase-huile était un carbone aromatique. Les groupes hydroxyliques aliphatiques perçus dans la matière première ont été éliminés significativement dans l’huile; ceci est attribué à la formation provisoire de la molécule d’eau pendant la MWP. La concentration en groupes hydroxyliques phénoliques C5 substitués/condensés a baissée en faveur des groupes gaïacol, p-hydroxyphenyl, et catéchol hydroxyle. Un cheminement de dégradation détaillé pour chacune de ces conversions a été suggéré. Une telle étude est essentielle à la compréhension du cheminement de dégradation ainsi qu’à la composition structurelle des huiles de pyrolyse. La quatrième étape fait l’objet d’une étude cinétique pour la MWP de la lignine kraft en appliquant des modèles tridimensionnels. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le MW-TGA utilisé pour la deuxième étape a été modifié et utilisé. Les modifications apportées ont permis de séparer les gaz produits (condensables et non-condensables) en sept parties. Le matériau convertisseur de microondes-en-chaleur a été ajouté à 30 wt% de la masse totale et la puissance nominale était de 2.1 kW. Le premier modèle considère la conversion de la matière première en solide, gaz condensable et gaz non-condensable en considérant que chaque produit est un bloc individuel. Dans le second modèle, le liquide est séparé en huile, contenant que des produits chimiques et 0% d’eau, et en eau ne contenant aucun produit chimique. Les produits sont ainsi l’huile, l’eau, les gaz non-condensables et le solide. De plus amples recherches ont été réalisées dans le troisième modèle en analysant l’huile produite par GC-MS. L’huile est donc subdivisée en quatre catégories : (1) phénoliques, contenant tous les composés phénoliques identifiés, (2) aromatiques à haute masse moléculaire, comportant toutes les molécules lourdes et les produits non identifiés par GC-MS, (3) aromatiques monocyclique non-phénoliques et (4) aliphatiques. Par conséquent, le troisième modèle considère la pyrolyse de la lignine en sept produits : ceux cités précédemment plus l’eau, les gaz non-condensables et le solide. Les paramètres cinétiques de chaque modèle ont été estimés et appliqués pour prédire la distribution des produits pour chaque modèle. Finalement, les résultats prédits ont été comparés aux données expérimentales aux fins de validation. -----------ABSTRACT This work investigates the potential of converting one of the lignocellulosic biomass components, lignin, into value-added bio-products using microwave pyrolysis (MWP). To achieve this objective, a multi-step process was devised and accomplished. First, temperature profiles within a material exposed to electromagnetic waves (EMW) were predicted using a three dimensional mathematical model. Second, an original microwave-thermo gravimetric analyzer (MW-TGA) was designed and built for kinetic purposes, and the kinetics of MWP were investigated in contrast to conventional pyrolysis (CP). Third, a detailed structural investigation of a bio-oil produced from of kraft lignin using MWP was discussed at various conditions. Finally, a kinetic modeling of the MWP products from kraft lignin was achieved quantitatively, as well as qualitatively. In the first step, a three-dimensional mathematical model was created to simulate temperature profiles inside a material exposed to EMW at 2.45 GHz. COMSOL-Multiphysics applications were used to simulate transient temperature profiles of pinewood, carbon, Pyrex, and combinations of these materials under different conditions. The predicted results were compared against the experimental data in order to validate the presented model. The key conclusions of this study show that microwave heating (MWH) leads to non-uniform distribution of temperature due to material penetration depth (Dp) and surface heat loss. However, limiting the dimensions of the exposed material to twice the Dp and placing strong thermal insulation on the surface significantly minimize temperature gradients. The locations of materials which are strong or weak microwave-to-heat convertors can be manipulated to create desired hot or cold zones inside the heated material, which leads to specific temperature profiles. In addition, the homogenous mixing of a material strong microwave-to-heat converter with the payload exhibits a significant increase in temperature, compared to the virgin material exposed to the same power and heating time. This study aims at improving the understanding of temperature profiles within composite materials subjected to MWH, as well as developing approaches to influence/control temperature profiles through material selection. The main objective of the second step was to investigate the kinetics of MWP in contrast to CP. To achieve this objective, an original MW-TGA was built and equipped with an innovative thermometer, which does not suffer from the traditional drawbacks, particularly in case of MWH. Subsequently, experimental work on MWP and CP of sawdust was conducted. MATLAB® program codes were employed to estimate the kinetic parameters, activation energy, pre-exponential factors, and reaction orders (Ea, ko, and n, respectively). The key conclusions of this investigation indicate that MWP has a faster reaction rate than CP. This is a consequence of enhancing the molecular chaotic motion resulting from the oscillating EMW: the molecular mobility, which is represented by ko. Even though this noticeable effect on ko, the estimated value of Ea was almost the same in both cases, this might be a consequence of the tenuous possibility of direct hacking the molecule-bonds by applied EMW, since the wavelength of EMW is much longer than the intermolecular distance of the target material. This result is so significant that it can account for most of the effects observed in different reactions when MWH is applied. The third step investigated a detailed structural and compositional analysis of a bio-oil produced from kraft lignin using MWP. The effects of two parameters were considered: (1) loading of a strong microwave-to-heat convertor (char), 20-40 wt%, and (2) microwave nominal setting power, 1.5-2.7 kW. Five combinations of these two variables were chosen and applied for 800s of MWH. The reached final temperatures, measured as mean values, were 900, 980, 1065, 1150, and 1240 K. The yields of the pyrolysis products, solid, condensable gas, and non-condensable gas were compared at the conditions under investigation. The collected condensable gas was separated into oil phase, which is mostly chemicals, and aqueous phase, which is mostly water and lower density than the oil phase. The obtained results showed that increases the heating rate leads to an increase in the yield of the liquid product. The identified chemical compounds in the oil phase using GC-MS were mostly aromatics: guaiacols, phenols, and catechols. Nonetheless, at 60 wt%, the oil phases could not be identified using GC-MS. Therefore, 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to provide further detailed structural information. Based on the NMR analyses, up to 80% of the detected carbon atoms in the oil phase were aromatic carbons. The detected aliphatic hydroxyl groups in the virgin material were significantly eliminated in the oil phase, and this was attributed to water forming in the interim of MWP. The decreased concentrations of C5 substituted/condensed phenolic hydroxyl groups after MWP were attributed to an increase in the concentrations of guaiacyl, p-hydroxyphenyl, and catechol hydroxyl groups. Detailed degradation pathways for each of those conversions were suggested. Such an investigation is significant because it aims at improving the understanding of the degradation pathways of a lignin network, as well as the structure of the obtained bio-oil. In the final step, a kinetic investigation of kraft lignin products made from MWP was accomplished by applying three different models. To achieve this objective, the MW-TGA that was built in the second step was modified and used in this step. The modifications done on the MW-TGA enable the distribution of vapour products (condensable and non-condensable) up to 7 parts in the interim of MWP. The applied conditions were 30 wt% of char and a microwave nominal power setting of 2.1 kW. The first model considered the virgin material converted into condensable gas, non-condensable gas, and remaining solid, taking into consideration each product as an individual lump. In the second model, the liquid product was separated into oil, which is entirely chemical and contains 0 wt% water, and water, which contains 0 wt% chemicals. Therefore, the lumps of the second model were oil, water, non-condensable gas, and solid. Further investigations were achieved in the third model by analysing the oil product using GC-MS. The oil product was partitioned into four groups: (1) phenolics group, which contains all the identified phenolic components, (2) heavy molecular weight components group, which contents all the heavy molecular weight and the undefined components using a GC-MS analyzer, (3) aromatics with a single ring (non-phenolics) group, and (4) aliphatics group. Hence, the third model considered lignin converted into seven products, the above four groups, plus water, non-condensable gas, and solid. The kinetic parameters of each model were estimated, and then applied to predict the yield of each product at the selected temperatures. Finally, the predicted results were compared against the experimental data, which showed a high capacity of the presented models to estimate product yields

Computational Design of Novel Non-Ribosomal Peptides

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are modular enzymatic machines that catalyze the ribosome-independent production of structurally complex small peptides, many of which have important clinical applications as antibiotics, antifungals, and anti-cancer agents. Several groups have tried to expand natural product diversity by intermixing different NRPS modules to create synthetic peptides. This approach has not been as successful as anticipated, suggesting that these modules are not fully interchangeable. Here, we explored whether inter-modular linkers (IMLs) impact the ability of NRPS modules to communicate during the synthesis of NRPs. We developed a parser to extract 39,804 IMLs from both well annotated and putative NRPS biosynthetic gene clusters from 39,232 bacterial genomes and established the first IMLs database. We analyzed these IMLs and identified a striking relationship between IMLs and the amino acid substrates of their adjacent modules. More than 92% of the identified IMLs connect modules that activate a particular pair of substrates, suggesting that significant specificity is embedded within these sequences. We therefore propose that incorporating the correct IML is critical when attempting combinatorial biosynthesis of novel NRPS. In addition to the IMLs database and IML-Parser we have developed the NRP Discovery Pipeline, which is a set of bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools that will help facilitating early discovery of novel NRPs. Our pipeline comprises of five modules: (1) NRP comprehensive combinatorial biosynthesis: A tool that helps generating virtual libraries of NRPs. (2) NRP sequence-based predictor: A classifier based only on peptide sequences to help triaging peptides with no antibacterial activity. (3) Pep2struc: A tool that helps converting peptide sequences to their 2D structures form both linear and constrained peptides. (4) NRP structure-based predictor: A second classifier based on peptide structures to filter out inactive predicted peptides. (5) NRPS Designer: A tool that helps reprogramming of the bacterial genome by editing its NRP BGC to synthesize the peptide of interest. The IMLs database as well as the NRPS-Parser have been made available on the web at https://nrps-linker.unc.edu. The entire source code of the projects discussed in this dissertation is hosted in GitHub repository (https://github.com/SWFarag).Doctor of Philosoph

Innovative Microreactors for Low-grade Feedstock Gasification

The first fluidized bed thermogravimetric analyzer (FBTGA) has been developed. The proof of concept of the FBTGA has been carried out on the thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxide. The kinetics and modeling of coal pyrolysis and gasification were investigated in the FBTGA. The obtained activation energies for the individual gases that are produced from coal pyrolysis are 19 to 21% lower than those found for similar coals in the literature. This decrease in the activation energies is explained by a temperature gradient of 185 to 209°C. For the CO shift reaction, the resulting activation energy is 46.6 kcal/mol, increasing by 20% from the one used in the literature. The second reactor presented in this work is a TGA powered by electromagnetic irradiation. As an application for this reactor, a novel kinetic model based on a dual attempt to predict not only the yield but also the composition of bio-oil is presented. The validation of the developed models demonstrated an excellent capability of predicting the yield and quality of the produced oil. The third reactor is a saddle reactor, which consists of two V-shaped pairs of arms and minimizes the impact of the heat and mass transfer limitation on chemical reactions

The nature of the inferior ovary in some monocotyledonous families

The floral vasculature aspects of twenty-four species belonging to six monocotyledonous families are dealt with. These selected taxa include 23 horticulture species cultivated in Egypt and the remainders is among the wild flora of Egypt. A great attention has been focused by phylogenetists on the position of the ovary with respect to the other parts of the flower. In this connection, the nature of the inferior ovary is generally discussed on the basis of two theories; appendicular and axial. It is fortunate that the vascular skeleton can still be regarded as the most conservative character and that it may be rather conclusive in the determination of the nature of the inferior ovary. In the present study, the different patterns of floral vascularization are presented in cumulative tables and figures to facilitate the comparative study. Moreover, an interpretation to the observed variations is also tried to reach at the relations between the taxa studied and to determine the nature of the hypanthium

THE OUTCOME OF ATG ON THE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTS FROM MATCHED UNRELATED DONOR, A SINGLE INSTITUTE EXPERIENCE

poster abstractBACKGROUND: Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) was found to decrease the morbidity of stem cell transplant (SCT) from matched unrelated donor (MUD) by decreasing the incidence of chronic graft vs host disease cGvHD, and at high doses, acute GvHD. We reviewed our results of MUD transplants where ATG was incorporated into the preparative regimen, and compared the results to patients prior to September 2006 where ATG was not used. The primary endpoints were the effect on GvHD and lethal infectious complications. Method: All stem cell transplants from MUD performed after 2000 at IU hospital for treatment of hematological malignancies using a myelo-ablative regimen were retrospectively reviewed. Result: between 1/2000 and 3/2009 seventy nine stem cell transplants were conducted using stem cells from MUD. 28 patients received ATG at a total dose of 7.5mg/kg vs 51 patients who did not receive ATG. Both groups were matched in term of age, sex, underline malignancies, degree of HLA-match, CMV serology, and conditioning regimens. Ninety-six percent of patient in ATG group received prophylaxis for GvHD using FK506/Sirolimus vs 14% in the no ATG group where a methotrexate based treatment was used (P<0.0001). The rate of Grade II-VI acute GVHD at day 100 was significantly lower in the ATG group compare to no ATG (14% vs 39%, P =0.011). Although however, the rate of chronic GVHD at 1 year was higher in ATG group than in the no ATG group, this was statistically not significant (43% and 23%; P=0.2). The rates of overall fungal infections and lethal fungal infections were comparable (14% and 10%) for ATG vs (17% and 11%) for no ATG (p =0.70). The rate of primary CMV infection (i.e., in patient not receiving corticosteroid treatment for GVHD) was higher in ATG group, although not statistically significant (31% vs 17%, P=0.27). Day 100 mortality was 15% and 25% in ATG and no ATG group respectively, overall survival at 1 and 2 years was 47% and 31% for ATG group vs 49% and 36% for no ATG group (P>0.05), Median time to death was 8.6 months (CI95%, 1.8-15.4) and 11.9 months (CI95%, 8-15.7) with P=0.7. The mortality from GVHD at 4 months was 0% in ATG group vs 12% in no ATG group (P =0.08).While the mortality rate from bacterial infection and sepsis were equivalent, more patients in the ATG group who did not receiving corticosteroid treatment for aGVHD died from viral and fungal infection (15% vs 0% at 8 months, P=0.013). Summary: While ATG was associated with a trend toward lower mortality rate at day 100 due to statistically significant decrease in incidence and mortality of aGVHD, it was associated with increase rate of delayed-onset acute GVHD and statistically significant high rate of lethal viral and fungal infection leading to similar overall survival at 1 and 2 years. This study demonstrates the lack of overall benefit of ATG at dose of 7.5mg/kg. Further study to investigate the outcome of using lower doses of ATG to lower the rate of lethal infections while still reducing the risk of GvHD is recommended

Upgrading of oils from biomass and waste: catalytic hydrodeoxygenation

ABSTRACT: The continuous demand for fossil fuels has directed significant attention to developing new fuel sources to replace nonrenewable fossil fuels. Biomass and waste are suitable resources to produce proper alternative fuels instead of nonrenewable fuels. Upgrading bio-oil produced from biomass and waste pyrolysis is essential to be used as an alternative to nonrenewable fuel. The high oxygen content in the biomass and waste pyrolysis oil creates several undesirable properties in the oil, such as low energy density, instability that leads to polymerization, high viscosity, and corrosion on contact surfaces during storage and transportation. Therefore, various upgrading techniques have been developed for bio-oil upgrading, and several are introduced herein, with a focus on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) technique. Different oxygenated compounds were collected in this review, and the main issue caused by the high oxygen contents is discussed. Different groups of catalysts that have been applied in the literature for the HDO are presented. The HDO of various lignin-derived oxygenates and carbohydrate-derived oxygenates from the literature is summarized, and their mechanisms are presented. The catalyst's deactivation and coke formation are discussed, and the techno-economic analysis of HDO is summarized. A promising technique for the HDO process using the microwave heating technique is proposed. A comparison between microwave heating versus conventional heating shows the benefits of applying the microwave heating technique. Finally, how the microwave can work to enhance the HDO process is presented

High-Content Lignocellulosic Fibers Reinforcing Starch-Based Biodegradable Composites: Properties and Applications

Natural source-based composites became promising substitutes and synthetic petrochemical-based counterparts. So far, thermoplastic starch and lignocellulosic fibers are the most common materials for making such eco-friendly ?green? materials. Low cost, abundance, and renewability are the factors that lead to deploying these two types of materials. In this chapter, we are conducting further analysis for previously published results of six types of high-content natural fiber-reinforced starch-based composites. All composites were prepared by compression molding under pressure from 5 to 20 MPa and temperature from 130 to 160°C. Composites exhibited highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at fiber weight content from 50 to 70%, and then mechanical properties deteriorated significantly at 80% fiber content due to the insufficient starch resin. For instance, the tensile strength was boosted up from 2-12 MPa for thermoplastic starch to reach 55, 45, 32, 28, 44, 365 MPa for flax, bagasse, date palm fiber (DPF), banana, bamboo, and hemp composites, when fiber content was increased from 0% to the optimum fiber content (50-70%). Kelly-Tyson (random 2d) was the optimum model to predict random fiber composite. Increasing the fiber content and choosing a fiber with high cellulose content significantly improve the moisture resistance of the composites. Fick’s law of diffusion predicted the water uptake property successfully. The thermal stability of composites was improved with increasing the fiber weight content as well. This is attributed to the high thermal stability of cellulose when compared to starch. Properties exhibited by starch-based high-content natural fiber composite are promising for many industrial and biomedical applications

Natural killer cell receptors: new biology and insights into the graft-versus-leukemia effect

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells have held great promise for the immunotherapy of cancer for more than 3 decades. However, to date only modest clinical success has been achieved manipulating the NK cell compartment in patients with malignant disease. Progress in the field of NK cell receptors has revolutionized our concept of how NK cells selectively recognize and lyse tumor and virally infected cells while sparing normal cells. Major families of cell surface receptors that inhibit and activate NK cells to lyse target cells have been characterized, including killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptors (KIRs), C-type lectins, and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). Further, identification of NK receptor ligands and their expression on normal and transformed cells completes the information needed to begin development of rational clinical approaches to manipulating receptor/ligand interactions for clinical benefit. Indeed, clinical data suggest that mismatch of NK receptors and ligands during allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be used to prevent leukemia relapse. Here, we review how NK cell receptors control natural cytotoxicity and novel approaches to manipulating NK receptor-ligand interactions for the potential benefit of patients with cancer

Comparative Metabolite Fingerprinting of Four Different Cinnamon Species Analyzed via UPLC–MS and GC–MS and Chemometric Tools

The present study aimed to assess metabolites heterogeneity among four major Cinnamomum species, including true cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and less explored species (C. cassia, C. iners, and C. tamala). UPLC-MS led to the annotation of 74 secondary metabolites belonging to different classes, including phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and lignans. A new proanthocyanidin was identified for the first time in C. tamala, along with several glycosylated flavonoid and dicarboxylic fatty acids reported for the first time in cinnamon. Multivariate data analyses revealed, for cinnamates, an abundance in C. verum versus procyandins, dihydro-coumaroylglycosides, and coumarin in C. cassia. A total of 51 primary metabolites were detected using GC-MS analysis encompassing different classes, viz. sugars, fatty acids, and sugar alcohols, with true cinnamon from Malaysia suggested as a good sugar source for diabetic patients. Glycerol in C. tamala, erythritol in C. iners, and glucose and fructose in C. verum from Malaysia were major metabolites contributing to the discrimination among species