Some development in Urdu poetry since 1936

This work is devoted to discuss the developments in Urdu poetry since 1936.A brief account of the developments in poetical language, various verse-forms and themes of Urdu poetry till Iqbal (1877-1938) has been given in the introductory chapter. The second chapter is on the poetical language of Urdu poetry. In it, the Influence of English language, the use of Hindi words and phrases and the employment of colloquial vocabulary in Urdu poetry of the last thirty years is discussed at some length. In the third chapter on metres, a general account of the use of metres in Urdu poetry is given. In addition, some recent attempts to write poetry with disregard to metres are discussed, a "relative frequency table of metres" is also prepared and Included in this chapter. The fourth chapter deals with various traditional and new verse-forms of Urdu poetry. They are both defined and distinguished from each other. In the fifth and sixth chapters, a number of themes of Urdu poetry since 1936, such as the influence of Communism, the Independence of the sub-Continent of India and Pakistan and its aftermath. Communal Riots of 1947, writings on social evils and customs and on peace and war, historical and allegorical themes, humorous and satirical poetry, the influence of religion, recent Indo-Pakistani War, and psychological themes Including sex, escapism, scepticism, an Individual’s predicaments, imprisonment of the present moment and so on are discussed at length The final chapter is that of the conclusion

Kinetika raspodjele kanamicina u mula.

The disposition kinetics of kanamycin was investigated following an injection of a single intravenous dose 5 mg/kg body mass in healthy adult female mules. Blood samples collected at various time intervals post-medication were analyzed for kanamycin by microbiological assay. The plasma drug concentration versus time data was best fitted by a biexponential expression. Macro-kinetic parameters were computed for a two-compartment open model. Values for distribution half-life (t1/2á)) and elimination half-life (t1/2 ß) were 0.18 ± 0.26 and 4.39 ± 0.68 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 0.64 ± 0.17 L/kg. Total body clearance (ClB) of the drug was 1.66 ± 0.22 ml/min.kg. Existing dosage of 5 mg/kg body mass at 24 h intervals does not maintain the desired minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the end of proposed dosing intervals. Calculated optimal dosage regimen for kanamycin in mules was 8.73 and 7.45 mg/kg body mass for priming and maintenance, respectively, for a dosage interval of 12 h to maintain the concentration of 2 μg/ml in blood.Istražena je farmakokinetika raspodjele kanamicina u zdravih, odraslih mula nakon jednokratne intravenske primjene u dozi 5 mg/kg tjelesne mase (t.m.) u zdravih odraslih mula. Uzorci krvi uzeti u različitim vremenskim razmacima bili su pretraženi na količinu kanamicina mikrobiološkim testom. Koncentracija lijeka u plazmi u odnosu na vrijeme najviše je odgovarala bieksponencijalnoj krivulji. Za izračunavanje farmakokinetièkih pokazatelja rabljen je dvoprostorni otvoreni model. Rezultati su pokazali da je poluvrijeme raspodjele lijeka (t1/2α) iznosilo 0.18 ± 0.26, a poluvrijeme eliminacije (t1/2β) 4.39 ± 0.68 sati. Prividni volumen raspodjele lijeka (Vd) bio je 0.64 ± 0.17 l/kg, a ukupni klirens (ClB) 1.66 ± 0.22 ml/min/kg. Dozom 5 mg/kg t.m. jedanput na dan nije postignuta željena minimalna inhibicijska koncentracija (MIC) na kraju doznog razmaka. Izračunato je da je optimalna udarna doza kanamicina za mule iznosila 8.73, a doza održavanja 7.45 mg/kg t.m. Pritom se lijek mora primjenjivati svakih 12 sati da bi se postigla koncentracija u krvi 2 mg/ml

The Status of Resources and Services in the Public Libraries of Sindh, Pakistan: A Study

Purpose: This study assessed the public libraries of Sindh in terms of information and human resources, services and the problems faced by the libraries in the delivery of services. Methodology: The study was quantitative in nature and survey research method was used to achieve the desired objectives. There were 30 public libraries, which constituted the study’s population and data was collected from heads/incharge of libraries through the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Results: The heads of most libraries were non-professionals, and some libraries were worked with very few staff. The availability of information resources was found inadequate and resources such as maps, reports, theses & dissertations, rare books, and e-books were found in very few libraries. The services such as open shelf, circulation, reference and current awareness services were offered by most libraries; however, SDI, audiovisual, document reservation, interlibrary loan, orientation and scanning services were offered by few libraries. The major problems faced by the libraries were lack of training opportunities, non-availability of integrated library software, insufficient information, human and financial resources, limited e-resources and lack of commitment from the management. Implications: The study\u27s findings could be beneficial to the concerned authorities. The key points to be considered include 1) information resources should be procured both in printed and electronic formats, 2) the existing facilities and services should be upgraded and extended to other libraries and, 3) sufficient funds should be provided to acquire information resources, develop proper infrastructure and launched new services. Originality: This is the first study in the province to assess the various aspects of public libraries. It will fill the literature gap and guide the researchers to explore the other aspects of public libraries. Keywords: Information Resources, Library Services, Public Libraries, Human Resources, Sindh, Pakista

Assessment of ICT Facilities in the Public Libraries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Descriptive Study

Purpose: This study aimed to review the ICT facilities in the public libraries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The specific objectives were to see the status of ICT resources, check the ICT tools used in delivering services, and point out problems faced by the public libraries in developing ICT infrastructure. Research Design and Methodology: The study\u27s population consisted of public libraries in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The census-based approach was employed, and data was gathered from library heads via questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. Findings: It was found that most of the libraries did not have electronic information resources like e-books, theses and dissertations and access to the HEC database. Most libraries lacked ICT equipment, including microfilming machines, barcode readers, external hard drives, digital cameras, television and multimedia projectors. The majority of libraries did not use ICT applications like Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, Flickr and RSS for library services. The key problems identified by libraries while developing ICT infrastructure were inadequate e-resources, limited staff, lack of financial resources, insufficient IT staff and non-availability of standard library software. Implications: The study\u27s findings are beneficial to the government and higher library authorities. The critical point to be considered includes 1) LIS professionals and IT staff be recruited and trained in modern learning, education and communication skills, 2) sufficient funds should be provided to libraries to develop ICT infrastructure 3) digital resources should be acquired, and 4) the librarians should have the power and freedom to spend the budget based on the users\u27 needs. Originality: The study is unique because this is the first study in the country to assess the ICT facilities of public libraries. It will fill the literature gap and guide the researchers to do similar studies across the country. Keywords: ICT Infrastructure, ICT tools and applications, ICT Facilities, Public Libraries, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakista

Farmakokinetika i optimalno doziranje kanamicina u domaćih preživača.

Pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage of kanamycin were investigated in domestic ruminant species. In indigenous female adult Nili/Ravi buffaloes, Sahiwal cattle, Lohi sheep and Teddy goats, values of elimination half-life (t1/2β)volume of distribution (Vd) and total body clearance (ClB) have been found to be greater than most respective values in their foreign counterparts. Elimination halflife values in domestic ruminants correspond to their respective glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values: the higher the GFR, the shorter the half-life. Comparison of half-life values in domestic ruminants with corresponding total body clearance values showed that shorter half-life should not be equated with higher clearance. To maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/ml of plasma, an optimal dosage regimen of 10.9, 10.2, 12.7 and 15.4 mg/kg body mass for priming and 9.31, 7.79, 11.7 and 14.7 mg/kg body mass for maintenance to be repeated at 12 hour interval have been suggested in buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goats, respectively.Istražena je farmakokinetika i optimalno doziranje kanamicina u domaæih preživača. Poluvrijeme eliminacije lijeka iz plazme (t1/2β), prividni volumen raspodjele (Vd) i ukupni klirens lijeka iz organizma (ClB) bio je veći u odraslih ženki bivola Nili/Ravi, goveda Sahiwal, ovaca Lohi i koza Teddy od odgovarajućih vrijednosti drugih autora. Vrijednosti poluvremena eliminacije lijeka u domaćih preživača odgovarale su vrijednostima stupnja glomerularne filtracije. Što je bio veći stupanj glomerularne filtracije to je bilo kraće poluvrijeme izlučivanja. Usporedba vrijednosti poluvremena izlučivanja s odgovarajućim ukupnim klirensom pokazala je da kraće poluvrijeme izlučivanja ne bi trebalo izjednačiti s većim klirensom. Za održavanje minimalne inhibicijske koncentracije od 2 μg/ml plazme kao optimalna početna doza preporučuje se za bivola 10,9 mg/kg, za govedo 10,2 mg/kg, za ovcu 12,7 mg/kg te za kozu 15,4 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Za održavanje koncentracije lijeka preporučuje se ponovno davanje u razmaku od 12 sati za bivola 9,31 mg/kg, za govedo 7,79 mg/kg, za ovcu 11,7 mg/kg te za kozu 14,7 mg/kg tjelesne mase

Comparative Study of Open Source Verses Closed Source with Respect to User’s Perspectives

Open source (Linux) verses closed source (Windows) is a vital subject of debate since the inception of computers. In This paper we illustrate the pros and cons of both Linux and window operating system. The paper also compares and analyzes both the operating system and suggests that which one is more customizable, easy to use and faster in running for end user. It also explains the key features of both Linux and window operating system

Comparative Study of Open Source Verses Closed Source with Respect to User’s Perspectives

Open source (Linux) verses closed source (Windows) is a vital subject of debate since the inception of computers. In This paper we illustrate the pros and cons of both Linux and window operating system. The paper also compares and analyzes both the operating system and suggests that which one is more customizable, easy to use and faster in running for end user. It also explains the key features of both Linux and window operating system

Survey on Window and Linux as Server Operating System

Microsoft Windows and Linux are both increasing in terms of server operating system market share. Windows, which only a few years ago was not considered up to the business of supporting critical system requirements, is now the primary server operating system for many companies--and not just small organizations. Linux, which in the late 1990's was considered a hobbyist toy, now is the leading operating system in some applications such as web servers and is part of the intentional technology platform for major vendors such as IBM and Oracle. With both Windows and Linux improving in their proficiencies, we analyze the relative merits of each operating system. This research paper (survey on Window and Linux as server operating system) which provides detailed results of the survey and our analysis of the findings

Wheat Antioxidants, Their Role in Bakery Industry, and Health Perspective

Wheat grains and its fractions contain significant level of antioxidant activity and many phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids (ferulic and vanillic acids), carotenoids, and tocopherol are beneficial in curing many disorders. The beneficial phytochemicals are mostly present in aleurone fraction of wheat bran. The phytochemicals and antioxidants present in wheat have several health benefits, such as their ability to act as antioxidants, immunoenhancers, and inhibitors of certain lesions, which have been demonstrated for phenolic. Many wheat antioxidants are similar to the antioxidants present in wheat, but their characteristics are also unique in nature. The regular consumption of these antioxidant compounds in whole grains is associated with a reduced risk of many heart diseases and several forms of cancers and improves the regulation of blood glucose. Wheat antioxidants play a vital role in bakery industry mostly in bread industry. People are getting aware to use the bakery products that are prepared from the white flour due to proper nutrition, healthy lifestyle, improved nutritional composition, and functional properties. In nutshell, wheat antioxidants including phytochemicals synergistically improve the health status of consumers by consuming the products having complete nutrition

Physico-chemical characteristics of seed oils extracted from different apricot (<i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L.) varieties from Pakistan

The fruit seed oils from four varieties of apricot (<i>Prunus armeniaca</i> L.), namely, Halmas, Nari, Travet and Charmagzi were analyzed for different physico-chemical characteristics. The oil yield from the apricot seeds (kernels) ranged from 32.23-42.51%, while the protein, fiber and ash contents ranged from 13.21-20.90%, 5.13-9.81% and 2.11-3.89%, respectively. The extracted oils had an average iodine value (g of I/100 g of oil) of 96.4-106.3; density at 24 °C, 0.87-0.93 mg/mL; refractive index (40 °C), 1.4655-1.4790; saponification value, 189.1-199.4 mg of KOH/g oil; unsaponifiable matter, 0.59-0.88%; free fatty acid (mg of KOH/g oil), 0.41-1.28; and color (1-inch cell), 1.31-2.96R 1 14.8-29.8Y. With regard to the oxidation state, the tested oils showed values for specific extinction at 232 and 268 nm, 2.30-3.42 and 0.82-1.04, respectively, while the peroxide value was 1.0-2.32 meq O2/kg and, p-anisidine was 1.22-1.90. The major fatty acid found in the oils was oleic acid (62.34-80.97%) followed by linoleic (13.13-30.33%), palmitic (3.35-5.93%), linolenic (0.73-1.03%) and stearic (1.10-1.68%) acids. The contents of α-, γ-, and δ-, tocopherols in the oils ranged from 14.8-40.4, 330.8-520.8 and 28.5-60.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results of our present investigation revealed that apricot seed is a potential source of oil which can be used both for edible and oleochemical applications.<br><br>Se han analizado las características físico-químicas de aceites de semillas de frutos de cuatro variedades diferentes de albaricoque, Halmas, Nari, Travet y Charmagzi (Prunus <i>armeniaca</i> L.). La producción de aceites de las semillas de albaricoque (hueso) osciló entre 32,23-42,51%, mientras que las proteínas, fibra y cenizas dieron valores de 13,21-20,90%, 5,13-9,81% y 2,11-3,89%, respectivamente. Los aceites extraídos presentaron valores promedio de índice de yodo, de 96,4-106,3 (g de I/100 g de aceite); densidades a 24 °C de 0,87-0,93 mg/mL, índices de refracción (40 °C) de 1,4655- 1,4790; índices de saponificación de 189.1-199,4 (mg KOH/g de aceite), materia insaponificable de 0,59-0,88%, valores de acidez libre de 0.41-1.28 (mg de KOH /g de aceite), y valores de color de 1,31-2.96R 14,8-29,8Y (celda de 1 pulgada). Con respecto al estado de oxidación de los aceites estudiados, estos mostraron valores de extinción específica a 232 y 268 nm de 2,30-3,42 y 0,82-1,04, respectivamente, mientras que dieron valores de índices de peróxidos de 1,0-2,32 meq O2/kg y de p-anisidina de 1,22-1,90. El principal ácido graso que se encuentra en los aceites fue el ácido oleico (62,34 -80,97%), seguido de linoleico (13,13-30,33%), palmítico (3,35-5,93%), linolénico (0,73 - 1,03%) y esteárico (1,10 a 1,68%). El contenido de α-, γ- y δ- tocoferoles en los aceites variaron desde 14,8 hasta 40,4, 330,8 a 520,8 y 28,5 hasta 60,2 mg/kg, respectivamente. Los resultados de nuestra investigación actual revela que la semilla de albaricoque es una fuente potencial de aceite que puede ser utilizado tanto para aplicaciones comestibles como oleoquímicas