Pengaruh Kepemilikan Pemerintah Terhadap Likuiditas Harga Saham Dengan Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Book To Market Sebagai Variabel Kontrol Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2016-2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepemilikan pemerintah terhadap likuiditas harga saham dengan variabel kontrol ukuran perusahaan dan book to market di bursa efek indonesia periode 2016-2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan laporan keuangan periode 2016-2020 dan dokumentasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif. populasi penelitian adalah perusahaan BUMN yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sampel sebanyak 20 perusahaan BUMN yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2016-2020. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan uji hipotesis uji t dan uji F. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kepemilikan pemerintah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap likuiditas harga saham. Sedangkan variabel kontrol ukuran perusahaan dan book to market tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Semakin tinggi kepemilikan pemerintah semakin mudah bagi perusahaan untuk mendapatkan modal, dan semakin tinggi deviden dibayarkan maka investor akan mendapatkan dividen yang tinggi juga serta laba yang besar

Outreach and Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Microfinance institutions is a form of financial institution that provides financial service to the poor  individuals, jobless or peoples who can’t obtain financial services from traditional banks. Most MFIs are suffering to balance being profitable in order to be self sustain and outreaching great number of poor people. This study aims to investigate the internal and external determinants that influence the outreach and financial performance of MFIs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A quantitative research was employed using secondary data which was collected from MIX market and World Bank. In addition, the data was gathered from 43 MFIs and the determination of the MFIs that participate in the sample was dependent on the fulfillment of the data for five period of time between 2013 and 2017. The panel data was analyzed quantitatively using EViews software. The outcome in this examination is that size of MFIs is the major determinants that impacts both social and financial performance of MFIs. However, GDP growth is insignificant factor on both outreach and financial performance. The study recognizes factors contributing to the success of MFIs as well as conveys significant information to the stakeholders of MFIs

The influence of project structural factors on the time management of electronic engineering projects in the south western Cape

Bibliography: leaf 69.Time management is certainly the most invaluable tool in projecting time-phased resource utilisation requirements as well as providing a basis for tracking performance. It allows optimal integration of all the resources in a project such that synergy is produced. Consequently, an effective time management system is crucial to the success of a project. This research highlights the major requirements for setting up an effective time management system for electronic engineering companies in the South Western Cape. It includes a literature review which shows the influence of the project structural factors on time management and the project performance. The research also uses an industrial survey to uncover the current impact of the project structural factors on electronic engineering projects. The effectiveness of alternative time control system is examined as well. From the findings of this research study, it has been possible to set up guidelines for selecting time control techniques which are pertinent to the current project structural factors of electronic engineering projects

The Contribution of the Descending Pain Modulatory Pathway in Opioid Tolerance

Opioids remain among the most effective pain-relieving therapeutics. However, their long-term use is limited due to the development of tolerance and potential for addiction. For many years, researchers have explored the underlying mechanisms that lead to this decreased effectiveness of opioids after repeated use, and numerous theories have been proposed to explain these changes. The most widely studied theories involve alterations in receptor trafficking and intracellular signaling. Other possible mechanisms include the recruitment of new structural neuronal and microglia networks. While many of these theories have been developed using molecular and cellular techniques, more recent behavioral data also supports these findings. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie tolerance within the descending pain modulatory pathway, including alterations in intracellular signaling, neural-glial interactions, and neurotransmission following opioid exposure. Developing a better understanding of the relationship between these various mechanisms, within different parts of this pathway, is vital for the identification of more efficacious, novel therapeutics to treat chronic pain

The Contribution of the Descending Pain Modulatory Pathway in Opioid Tolerance

Opioids remain among the most effective pain-relieving therapeutics. However, their long-term use is limited due to the development of tolerance and potential for addiction. For many years, researchers have explored the underlying mechanisms that lead to this decreased effectiveness of opioids after repeated use, and numerous theories have been proposed to explain these changes. The most widely studied theories involve alterations in receptor trafficking and intracellular signaling. Other possible mechanisms include the recruitment of new structural neuronal and microglia networks. While many of these theories have been developed using molecular and cellular techniques, more recent behavioral data also supports these findings. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie tolerance within the descending pain modulatory pathway, including alterations in intracellular signaling, neural-glial interactions, and neurotransmission following opioid exposure. Developing a better understanding of the relationship between these various mechanisms, within different parts of this pathway, is vital for the identification of more efficacious, novel therapeutics to treat chronic pain

Leaching of Selected Trace Elements from Plant Growth Media composed of Coal Fly Ash (FA) Sphagnum Peat Moss and/or Soil. Part 2: Leaching of trace elements from Group IV: titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr), from Group V: Vanadium (V), and from Group VI: Ch

ABSTRACT This study investigated the leaching of selected trace elements (Ti, Zr, V, Cr, and Mo

Hippocampal long-term potentiation is disrupted during expression and extinction but is restored after reinstatement of morphine place preference

Learned associations between environmental cues and morphine use play an important role in the maintenance and/or relapse of opioid addiction. Although previous studies suggest that context-dependent morphine treatment alters glutamatergic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, their role in morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement remains unknown. We investigated changes in synaptic plasticity and NMDAR expression in the hippocampus after the expression, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine CPP. Here we report that morphine CPP is associated with increased basal synaptic transmission, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and increased synaptic expression of the NR1 and NR2b NMDAR subunits. Changes in synaptic plasticity, synaptic NR1 and NR2b expression, and morphine CPP were absent when morphine was not paired with a specific context. Furthermore, hippocampal LTP was impaired and synaptic NR2b expression was increased after extinction of morphine CPP, indicating that these alterations in plasticity may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the learning of drug–environment associations. After extinction of morphine CPP, a priming dose of morphine was sufficient to reinstate morphine CPP and was associated with LTP that was indistinguishable from saline control groups. In contrast, morphine CPP extinguished mice that received a saline priming dose did not show CPP and had disrupted hippocampal LTP. Finally, we found that reinstatement of morphine CPP was prevented by the selective blockade of the NR2b subunit in the hippocampus. Together, these data suggest that alterations in synaptic plasticity and glutamatergic transmission play an important role in the reinstatement of morphine CPP

Collybolide Is a Novel Biased Agonist of κ-Opioid Receptors With Potent Antipruritic Activity

Among the opioid receptors, the κ-opioid receptor (κOR) has been gaining considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of complex CNS disorders including depression, visceral pain, and cocaine addiction. With an interest in discovering novel ligands targeting κOR, we searched natural products for unusual scaffolds and identified collybolide (Colly), a nonnitrogenous sesquiterpene from the mushroom Collybia maculata. This compound has a furyl-δ-lactone core similar to that of Salvinorin A (Sal A), another natural product from the plant Salvia divinorum. Characterization of the molecular pharmacological properties reveals that Colly, like Sal A, is a highly potent and selective κOR agonist. However, the two compounds differ in certain signaling and behavioral properties. Colly exhibits 10- to 50-fold higher potency in activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway compared with Sal A. Taken with the fact that the two compounds are equipotent for inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, these results suggest that Colly behaves as a biased agonist of κOR. Behavioral studies also support the biased agonistic activity of Colly in that it exhibits ∼10-fold higher potency in blocking non–histamine-mediated itch compared with Sal A, and this difference is not seen in pain attenuation by these two compounds. These results represent a rare example of functional selectivity by two natural products that act on the same receptor. The biased agonistic activity, along with an easily modifiable structure compared with Sal A, makes Colly an ideal candidate for the development of novel therapeutics targeting κOR with reduced side effects