30 research outputs found

    The Atapuerca sites and the Ibeas hominids

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    The Atapuerca railway Trench and Ibeas sites near Burgos, Spain, are cave fillings that include a series of deposits ranging from below the Matuyama/Bruhnes reversal up to the end of Middle Pleistocene. The lowest fossil-bearing bed in the Trench contains an assemblage of large and small Mammals including Mimomys savini, Pitymys gregaloides, Pliomys episcopalis, Crocuta crocuta, Dama sp. and Megacerini; the uppermost assemblage includes Canis lupus, Lynx spelaea, Panthera (Leo) fossilis, Felis sylvestris, Equus caballus steinheimensis, E.c. germanicus, Pitymys subtenaneus, Microtus arvalis agrestis, Pliomys lenki, and also Panthera toscana, Dicerorhinus bemitoechus, Bison schoetensacki, which are equally present in the lowest level. The biostratigraphic correlation and dates of the sites are briefly discussed, as are the paleoclimatic interpretation of the Trench sequences. Stone artifacts are found in several layers; the earliest occurrences correspond to the upper beds containing Mimomys savini. A set of preserved human occupation floors has been excavated in the top fossil-bearing beds. The stone-tool assemblages of the upper levels are of upper-medial Acheulean to Charentian tradition. The rich bone breccia SH, in the Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo, Ibeas de Juarros, is a derived deposit, due to a mud flow that dispersed and carried the skeletons of many carnivores and humans. The taxa represented are: Vrsus deningeri (largely dominant), Panthera (Leo) fossilis, Vulpes vulpes, Homo sapiens var. Several traits of both mandibular and cranial remains are summarized. Preliminary attempts at dating suggest that the Ibeas fossil man is older than the Last Interglacial, or oxygen-isotope stage 5

    ESR dating of quartz from quaternary sediments: First attempt

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    Datazione tramite i metodi Uranio -Torio (U/Th) e Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dei livelli musteriani della Grotta Maggiore di San Bernardino

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    Le grotte di San Bernardino si trovano sul versante orientale dei Colli Berici, a 135 m d’altezza (s.l.m.). Nella Grotta Maggiore, la sequenza stratigrafica non si è conservata interamente a causa dei numerosi riutilizzi durante il Medioevo e nel diciannovesimo secolo. La serie interna, ha restituito un’industria litica attribuita al Paleolitico superiore; la serie esterna, collocata oltre il muro medievale che chiude l’entrata della cavità, è caratterizzata da un’industria musteriana che si differenzia, per le sue caratteristiche, dagli altri complessi litici della regione. In complesso il deposito ha uno spessore di 4,5 metri ed è costituito da otto unità stratigrafiche con disposizione sub-orizzontale. Nella stratigrafia s’incontrano unità scarsamente antropizzate, costituite principalmente da pietrisco proveniente dalla volta della grotta e dalle pareti per effetto del gelo-disgelo misto a loess (unità I,V,VII), da loess bruno-chiaro senza pietre (unità IV) e ciottoli calcarei arrotondati per stillicidio (unità III). Le unità più ricche di resti animali, manufatti e tracce di focolari sono le unità II, VI e VIII, costituite prevalentemente da pietrisco e da un terreno ricco di sostanza organica. La datazione del giacimento è stata effettuata, tramite i metodi U-Th e ESR, in un primo momento su frammenti di ossa e solo recentemente su denti di grandi mammiferi, due provenienti dalla base del giacimento (strati 26-unità VIII e 24-unità VI) e uno dalla sommità della sequenza stratigrafica (strato 4- unità II). Il metodoUranio-Torio si basa sullo studio del disequilibrio delle famiglie dell’uranio. L’età si ricava misurando il rapporto 230Th/ 234U, elementi radioattivi di questa serie. I due elementi presentano caratteristiche chimiche diverse: al contrario del torio (230Th), l’uranio (234U) solubile nell’acqua e trasportato da essa, si accumula nei campioni o durante la loro formazione (banchi stalamigtici, stalagmiti, coralli, ecc..) o durante il loro infossamento come nel caso di ossa e denti. Il torio (230Th), insolubile all’acqua, si manifesta nel campione grazie al decadimento radioattivo dell’uranio (234U). Il range di tempo coperta da questo metodo è compresa tra 10000 e 350000 anni, ma utilizzando uno spettrometro di massa a termo-ionizzazione (TIMS), è possibile risalire a 500.000 anni. L’Electron Spin Resonance permette di datare avvenimenti archeologici e geologici di tutto il Quaternario e presenta inoltre l’enorme vantaggio d’essere applicabile a numerosi materiali quali i carbonati (continentali e marini), le idrossidapatiti (denti e ossa) e il quarzo “sbiancato” termicamente, come nel caso delle selci bruciate, delle ceramiche, delle rocce vulcaniche, o otticamente, come ad esempio i sedimenti (lœss, sedimenti fluviali, ecc…). L’età di un campione si basa sulla determinazione di due grandezze fisiche: la Paleodose, cioè la dose totale d’irradiazione naturale ricevuta dal campione nel corso della sua storia (ad esempio dal suo infossamento al momento in cui viene ritrovato, nel caso di ossa e denti) e la dose annuale, ossia la dose naturale assorbita dal campione in un anno. Quest’ultima può essere espressa come la somma delle dosi dei diversi raggi ionizzanti (α, β, γ, e raggi cosmici) che investono il campione durante un anno di esposizione, la cui origine è sia interna, cioè prodotta dagli elementi radioattivi presunti nel campione stesso, sia esterna, prodotta dall’ambiente circostante. La dose esterna può essere valutata sia sui sedimenti che inglobavano il campione sia, tramite l'utilizzo di dosimetri teroluminescenti (TL). I risultati ottenuti sui denti permettono di datare l'occupazione della grotta di San Bernardino tra lo stadio isotopico 7 (unità VIII) e lo stadio isotopico 3 (unità II), confermando le età ottenute sui reperti ossei. Questi risultati, ottenuti misurando la dose gamma esterna su sedimenti prelevati nell'intorno del campione, saranno rielaborati tenendo conto delle dosi esterne, che verranno misurate tramite dosimetri termoluminescenti posti in numerosi livelli della sequenza stratigrafica

    San Bernardino Cave (Italy) and the Appearance of Levallois Technology in Europe: Results of a Radiometric and Technological Reassessment

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    The introduction of Levallois technology in Europe marked the transition from the Lower to the early Middle Paleolithic. This new method of flake production was accompanied by significant behavioral changes in hominin populations. The emergence of this technological advance is considered homogeneous in the European archaeological record at the Marine isotopic stage (MIS) 9/MIS 8 boundary. In this paper we report a series of combined electron spin resonance/U-series dates on mammal bones and teeth recovered from the lower units of San Bernardino Cave (Italy) and the technological analyses of the lithic assemblages. The San Bernardino Cave has yielded the earliest evidence of Levallois production on the Italian Peninsula recovered to date. In addition to our results and the review of the archaeological record, we describe the chronological and geographical differences between European territories and diversities in terms of technological developments. The belated emergence of Levallois technology in Italy compared to western Europe corresponds to the late Italian Neanderthal speciation event. The new radiometric dates and the technological analyses of San Bernardino Cave raise the issue of the different roles of glacial refugia in the peopling and the spread of innovative flaking strategies in Europe during the late Middle Pleistocene. © 2013 Picin et al

    The IRHUM (Isotopic Reconstruction of Human Migration) database - bioavailable strontium isotope ratios for geochemical fingerprinting in France

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    Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr / 86Sr) are a key geochemical tracer used in a wide range of fields including archaeology, ecology, food and forensic sciences. These applications are based on the principle that the Sr isotopic ratios of natural materials reflect the sources of strontium available during their formation. A major constraint for current studies is the lack of robust reference maps to evaluate the source of strontium isotope ratios measured in the samples. Here we provide a new data set of bioavailable Sr isotope ratios for the major geologic units of France, based on plant and soil samples (Pangaea data repository doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.819142). The IRHUM (Isotopic Reconstruction of Human Migration) database is a web platform to access, explore and map our data set. The database provides the spatial context and metadata for each sample, allowing the user to evaluate the suitability of the sample for their specific study. In addition, it allows users to upload and share their own data sets and data products, which will enhance collaboration across the different research fields. This article describes the sampling and analytical methods used to generate the data set and how to use and access the data set through the IRHUM database. Any interpretation of the isotope data set is outside the scope of this publication

    Human occupation continuity in southern Italy towards the end of the Middle Palaeolithic: a palaeoenvironmental perspective from Apulia

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    After the last interglacial [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e] Europe was affected by several harsh climatic oscillations. In this context southern Italy acted, like the rest of peninsular Mediterranean Europe, as a ‘glacial refugium’, allowing the survival of various species, and was involved in the spread of ‘cold taxa’ (e.g. woolly mammoth and woolly rhino) only during the coldest phases (MIS 4 and MIS 2). Both late Mousterian and early Upper Palaeolithic sites testify to a human occupation continuity in southern Italy and especially in Apulia in this time span. Here we present a focus on three key Apulian Palaeolithic sequences (Grotta di Santa Croce, Riparo L'Oscurusciuto and Grotta del Cavallo – layers F-E) jointly spanning from the late MIS 4 to the demise of Neanderthals around 43 ka. Novel chronological, sedimentological and zooarchaeological data are discussed for the first time in the light of the palaeoenvironmental information provided by recent analyses carried out on a speleothem from Pozzo Cucù cave (Bari) and the results of the magnetic susceptibility analysis from Riparo L'Oscurusciuto. This integrated reading allows a better understanding of the role played by the Apulian region as both a refugium for late Neaderthals and a suitable habitat for the early settling of modern humans

    Paleoenvironmental Analysis

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    New analysis has been carried out concerning the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of some Italian sites dating from the Middle Pleistocene to the Bronze Age. Different aspects have been investigated on each site considering the data collected. The following sites have been analyzed: Isernia La Pineta (Molise); Visogliano and Caverna degli Orsi (Trieste); Toirano Caves (Liguria); Grotta Paglicci (Gargano); Riparo del Molare (Salerno); Grotta del Cavallo (Lecce); Castellaro Lagusello (Monzambano, Mantova)

    ESR/U-series chronology of the Lower Palaeolithic palaeoanthropological site of Visogliano, Trieste, Italy

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    The Visogliano shelter, in north-eastern Italy, is an important Middle Pleistocene occupation site where human remains were found together with an archaic lithic industry, including choppers, chopping tools and a few protobifaces. It is of utmost importance to try to document this period, when a second wave of settlement colonised Western Europe, carrying new flaking techniques and tools. Combined ESR/U-series analyses, integrated with biostratigraphical and environmental data, define a chronological frame for the layers from which the artefacts were unearthed. The lower levels, including human remains, can be dated to the 350-500 kyr time span, in agreement with micromammal and stratigraphical studies. These data make Visogliano one of the oldest palaeoanthropological sites in Italy, where human remains are directly associated with protobifaces, choppers and chopping tools. In Western Europe, Visogliano is contemporaneous to the G soil of the Arago Cave, France, with which it shares several similarities in faunal assemblages and radiometric data, and which contains human remains also. These data make Visogliano as one of the oldest sites in Europe where the Acheulian culture is observed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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