Data compression system

A data compression system is described in which TV PCM data for each line scan is received in the form of a succession of multibit pixel words. All or selected bits of each word are compressed by providing difference values between successive pixel words and coding the difference values of a selected number of pixel words forming a block into a fundamental sequence (FS). The FS, based on its length and the number of words per block, is either transmitted as the compressed data or is used to generate a code FS or its complement is used to generate a code FS bar. When the code FS is generated, its length is compared with the original block PCM and only if the former is the shorter of the two is the code transmitted. Selected bits per pixel word may be compressed, while the remaining bits may be transmitted directly, or some of them may be omitted altogether

Mission science value-cost savings from the Advanced Imaging Communication System (AICS)

An Advanced Imaging Communication System (AICS) was proposed in the mid-1970s as an alternative to the Voyager data/communication system architecture. The AICS achieved virtually error free communication with little loss in the downlink data rate by concatenating a powerful Reed-Solomon block code with the Voyager convolutionally coded, Viterbi decoded downlink channel. The clean channel allowed AICS sophisticated adaptive data compression techniques. Both Voyager and the Galileo mission have implemented AICS components, and the concatenated channel itself is heading for international standardization. An analysis that assigns a dollar value/cost savings to AICS mission performance gains is presented. A conservative value or savings of $3 million for Voyager,$4.5 million for Galileo, and as much as $7 to 9.5 million per mission for future projects such as the proposed Mariner Mar 2 series is shown

The code word Wiggle - TV data compression

Information preserving data compression systems with coding algorithm developed for noiseless channel condition

RPV application of a globally adaptive rate controlled compressor

A globally adaptive image compression structure is introduced for use in a tactical RPV environment. The structure described would provide an operator with the flexibility to dynamically maximize the usefulness of a limited and changing data rate. The concepts would potentially simplify system design while at the same time improving overall system performance

Principles Of Differentiation And Morphogenesis

Developmental biology is the science connecting genetics with anatomy, making sense out of both. The body builds itself from the instructions of the inherited DNA and the cytoplasmic system that interprets the DNA into genes and creates intracellular and cellular networks to generation the observable phenotype. Even ecological factors such as diet and stress may modify the DNA such that different phenotypes can be constructed from the same DNA. During the past two decades, the basic principles of development have become known; although this brief chapter cannot do them justice (see, for example, Gilbert, 2013), they cover the following: mechanisms of differential gene expression; combinatorial logic of enhancers and promoters; signal-transduction pathways linking cell membrane and nucleus; mechanisms by which syndromes occur; the repertoire of morphogenetic interactions and the molecules causing them; environmental agents of phenotype production

Advanced techniques and technology for efficient data storage, access, and transfer

Advanced techniques for efficiently representing most forms of data are being implemented in practical hardware and software form through the joint efforts of three NASA centers. These techniques adapt to local statistical variations to continually provide near optimum code efficiency when representing data without error. Demonstrated in several earlier space applications, these techniques are the basis of initial NASA data compression standards specifications. Since the techniques clearly apply to most NASA science data, NASA invested in the development of both hardware and software implementations for general use. This investment includes high-speed single-chip very large scale integration (VLSI) coding and decoding modules as well as machine-transferrable software routines. The hardware chips were tested in the laboratory at data rates as high as 700 Mbits/s. A coding module's definition includes a predictive preprocessing stage and a powerful adaptive coding stage. The function of the preprocessor is to optimally process incoming data into a standard form data source that the second stage can handle.The built-in preprocessor of the VLSI coder chips is ideal for high-speed sampled data applications such as imaging and high-quality audio, but additionally, the second stage adaptive coder can be used separately with any source that can be externally preprocessed into the 'standard form'. This generic functionality assures that the applicability of these techniques and their recent high-speed implementations should be equally broad outside of NASA

Noiseless coding for the magnetometer

Future unmanned space missions will continue to seek a full understanding of magnetic fields throughout the solar system. Severely constrained data rates during certain portions of these missions could limit the possible science return. This publication investigates the application of universal noiseless coding techniques to more efficiently represent magnetometer data without any loss in data integrity. Performance results indicated that compression factors of 2:1 to 6:1 can be expected. Feasibility for general deep space application was demonstrated by implementing a microprocessor breadboard coder/decoder using the Intel 8086 processor. The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby mission will incorporate these techniques in a buffer feedback, rate-controlled configuration. The characteristics of this system are discussed

Image data compression application to imaging spectrometers

The potential of image data compression techniques to satisfy the anticipated requirements of imaging spectrometer missions is discussed. Noiseless coding, rate controlled compression, cluster compression, and error protection are addressed

Algorithms for a very high speed universal noiseless coding module

The algorithmic definitions and performance characterizations are presented for a high performance adaptive coding module. Operation of at least one of these (single chip) implementations is expected to exceed 500 Mbits/s under laboratory conditions. Operation of a companion decoding module should operate at up to half the coder's rate. The module incorporates a powerful noiseless coder for Standard Form Data Sources (i.e., sources whose symbols can be represented by uncorrelated non-negative integers where the smaller integers are more likely than the larger ones). Performance close to data entropies can be expected over a Dynamic Range of from 1.5 to 12 to 14 bits/sample (depending on the implementation)

Aircraft turbofan noise

Turbofan noise generation and suppression in aircraft engines are reviewed. The chain of physical processes which connect unsteady flow interactions with fan blades to far field noise is addressed. Mechanism identification and description, duct propagation, radiation and acoustic suppression are discussed. The experimental technique of fan inflow static tests are discussed. Rotor blade surface pressure and wake velocity measurements aid in the determination of the types and strengths of the generation mechanisms. Approaches to predicting or measuring acoustic mode content, optimizing treatment impedance to maximize attenuation, translating impedance into porous wall structure and interpreting far field directivity patterns are illustrated by comparisons of analytical and experimental results. The interdependence of source and acoustic treatment design to minimize far field noise is emphasized. Area requiring further research are discussed and the relevance of aircraft turbofan results to quieting other turbomachinery installations is addressed