3,608 research outputs found
Three-Dimensional Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae: From Shock Revival to Shock Breakout
We present 3D simulations of core-collapse supernovae from blast-wave
initiation by the neutrino-driven mechanism to shock breakout from the stellar
surface, considering two 15 Msun red supergiants (RSG) and two blue supergiants
(BSG) of 15 Msun and 20 Msun. We demonstrate that the metal-rich ejecta in
homologous expansion still carry fingerprints of asymmetries at the beginning
of the explosion, but the final metal distribution is massively affected by the
detailed progenitor structure. The most extended and fastest metal fingers and
clumps are correlated with the biggest and fastest-rising plumes of
neutrino-heated matter, because these plumes most effectively seed the growth
of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities at the C+O/He and He/H composition-shell
interfaces after the passage of the SN shock. The extent of radial mixing,
global asymmetry of the metal-rich ejecta, RT-induced fragmentation of initial
plumes to smaller-scale fingers, and maximal Ni and minimal H velocities do not
only depend on the initial asphericity and explosion energy (which determine
the shock and initial Ni velocities) but also on the density profiles and
widths of C+O core and He shell and on the density gradient at the He/H
transition, which lead to unsteady shock propagation and the formation of
reverse shocks. Both RSG explosions retain a great global metal asymmetry with
pronounced clumpiness and substructure, deep penetration of Ni fingers into the
H-envelope (with maximum velocities of 4000-5000 km/s for an explosion energy
around 1.5 bethe) and efficient inward H-mixing. While the 15 Msun BSG shares
these properties (maximum Ni speeds up to ~3500 km/s), the 20 Msun BSG develops
a much more roundish geometry without pronounced metal fingers (maximum Ni
velocities only ~2200 km/s) because of reverse-shock deceleration and
insufficient time for strong RT growth and fragmentation at the He/H interface.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures; revised version with minor changes in Sect.1;
accepted by Astron. Astrophy
Observation of Interactions between Trapped Ions and Ultracold Rydberg Atoms
We report on the observation of interactions between ultracold Rydberg atoms
and ions in a Paul trap. The rate of observed inelastic collisions, which
manifest themselves as charge transfer between the Rydberg atoms and ions,
exceeds that of Langevin collisions for ground state atoms by about three
orders of magnitude. This indicates a huge increase in interaction strength. We
study the effect of the vacant Paul trap's electric fields on the Rydberg
excitation spectra. To quantitatively describe the exhibited shape of the ion
loss spectra, we need to include the ion-induced Stark shift on the Rydberg
atoms. Furthermore, we demonstrate Rydberg excitation on a dipole-forbidden
transition with the aid of the electric field of a single trapped ion. Our
results confirm that interactions between ultracold atoms and trapped ions can
be controlled by laser coupling to Rydberg states. Adding dynamic Rydberg
dressing may allow for the creation of spin-spin interactions between atoms and
ions, and the elimination of collisional heating due to ionic micromotion in
atom-ion mixtures.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, including appendices. Note that the title has
been changed in version
Parallelized Solution Method of the Three-dimensional Gravitational Potential on the Yin-Yang Grid
We present a new method for solving the three-dimensional gravitational
potential of a density field on the Yin-Yang grid. Our algorithm is based on a
multipole decomposition and completely symmetric with respect to the two
Yin-Yang grid patches. It is particularly efficient on distributed-memory
machines with a large number of compute tasks, because the amount of data being
explicitly communicated is minimized. All operations are performed on the
original grid without the need for interpolating data onto an auxiliary
spherical mesh.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures; two minor additions after refereeing; accepted by
Ap
S-4B orbital workshop attitude control system study
Saturn S-4B orbital workshop attitude control system analysi
Observation of collisions between cold Li atoms and Yb ions
We report on the observation of cold collisions between Li atoms and
Yb ions. This combination of species has recently been proposed as the most
suitable for reaching the quantum limit in hybrid atom-ion systems, due to its
large mass ratio. For atoms and ions prepared in the ground state,
the charge transfer and association rate is found to be at least~10 times
smaller than the Langevin collision rate. These results confirm the excellent
prospects of Li--Yb for sympathetic cooling and quantum information
applications. For ions prepared in the excited electronic states ,
and , we find that the reaction rate is dominated by
charge transfer and does not depend on the ionic isotope nor the collision
energy in the range ~1--120~mK. The low charge transfer rate for ground
state collisions is corroborated by theory, but the shell in the Yb
ion prevents an accurate prediction for the charge transfer rate of the
, and states. Using \textit{ab initio}
methods of quantum chemistry we calculate the atom-ion interaction potentials
up to energies of 30~cm, and use these to give qualitative
explanations of the observed rates.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures (including appendices
Trapped ions in Rydberg-dressed atomic gases
We theoretically study trapped ions that are immersed in an ultracold gas of
Rydberg-dressed atoms. By off-resonant coupling on a dipole-forbidden
transition, the adiabatic atom-ion potential can be made repulsive. We study
the energy exchange between the atoms and a single trapped ion and find that
Langevin collisions are inhibited in the ultracold regime for these repulsive
interactions. Therefore, the proposed system avoids recently observed ion
heating in hybrid atom-ion systems caused by coupling to the ion's radio
frequency trapping field and retains ultracold temperatures even in the
presence of excess micromotion.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures including appendice
Ledoux-Convection in Protoneutron Stars --- a Clue to Supernova Nucleosynthesis?
Two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of the deleptonization of a newly
formed neutron star were performed. Driven by negative lepton fraction and
entropy gradients, convection starts near the neutrinosphere about 20-30 ms
after core bounce, but moves deeper into the protoneutron star, and after about
one second the whole protoneutron star is convective. The deleptonization of
the star proceeds much faster than in the corresponding spherically symmetrical
model because the lepton flux and the neutrino luminosities increase by up to a
factor of two. The convection below the neutrinosphere raises the
neutrinospheric temperatures and mean energies of the emitted neutrinos by
10-20%. This can have important implications for the supernova explosion
mechanism and changes the detectable neutrino signal from the Kelvin-Helmholtz
cooling of the protoneutron star. In particular, the enhanced electron neutrino
flux relative to the electron antineutrino flux during the early post-bounce
evolution might solve the overproduction problem of certain elements in the
neutrino-heated ejecta in models of type-II supernova explosions.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, 8 postscript figures, uses epsf.sty. To appear in
ApJ 473 (Letters), 1996 December 1
Yeast peroxisomes multiply by growth and division
Peroxisomes can arise de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via a maturation process. Peroxisomes can also multiply by fission. We have investigated how these modes of multiplication contribute to peroxisome numbers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the role of the dynamin-related proteins (Drps) in these processes. We have developed pulse-chase and mating assays to follow the fate of existing peroxisomes, de novo–formed peroxisomes, and ER-derived preperoxisomal structures. We find that in wild-type (WT) cells, peroxisomes multiply by fission and do not form de novo. A marker for the maturation pathway, Pex3-GFP, is delivered from the ER to existing peroxisomes. Strikingly, cells lacking peroxisomes as a result of a segregation defect do form peroxisomes de novo. This process is slower than peroxisome multiplication in WT cells and is Drp independent. In contrast, peroxisome fission is Drp dependent. Our results show that peroxisomes multiply by growth and division under our assay conditions. We conclude that the ER to peroxisome pathway functions to supply existing peroxisomes with essential membrane constituents
Gravitational waves from relativistic rotational core collapse
We present results from simulations of axisymmetric relativistic rotational
core collapse. The general relativistic hydrodynamic equations are formulated
in flux-conservative form and solved using a high-resolution shock-capturing
scheme. The Einstein equations are approximated with a conformally flat
3-metric. We use the quadrupole formula to extract waveforms of the
gravitational radiation emitted during the collapse. A comparison of our
results with those of Newtonian simulations shows that the wave amplitudes
agree within 30%. Surprisingly, in some cases, relativistic effects actually
diminish the amplitude of the gravitational wave signal. We further find that
the parameter range of models suffering multiple coherent bounces due to
centrifugal forces is considerably smaller than in Newtonian simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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