The need for nozzle emission spectra in drift mitigation

Aerial application models, such as AgDRIFT®, rely on an accurate nozzle emission spectrum to quantify the effects of atomization on deposition and drift. In this paper we explore the consequences of approximating the droplet size distribution and the implications of the accuracy of that approximation for downwind drift and the setting of buffer zones

Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency in Mice Leads to Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Tumor Development

ABSTRACT Increased dietary fat consumption is associated with colon cancer development. The exact mechanism by which fat induces colon cancer is not clear, however, increased bile acid excretion in response to high-fat diet may promote colon carcinogenesis. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and bile acids are endogenous ligands of FXR. FXR is highly expressed in the intestine and liver where FXR is essential for maintaining bile acid homeostasis. The role of FXR in intestine cancer development is not known. The current study evaluated the effects of FXR deficiency in mice on intestinal cell proliferation and cancer development. The results showed that FXR deficiency resulted in increased colon cell proliferation, which was accompanied by an up

Knowledge and Attitudes of Doctor of Pharmacy Students Regarding the Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials

Pharmacists are key partners in antimicrobial stewardship efforts, yet their degree of education on and attitudes toward this topic during training are not well documented. An electronic survey measuring knowledge and attitudes regarding antimicrobial use and resistance was administered to graduating pharmacy students at 12 US schools of pharmacy. Of 1445 pharmacy students, 579 (40%) completed the survey. The vast majority (94%) believed that strong knowledge of antimicrobials was important for their pharmacy careers, and 89% desired more education on appropriate antimicrobial use. Most students (84%) considered their pharmacy education regarding antimicrobials useful or very useful, but there was significant variability on perceptions of preparation for most antimicrobial stewardship activities according to the students' school. The mean number of correct answers on a section of 11 knowledge questions was 5.8 (standard deviation 2.0; P value for score between schools <.001). On multivariable linear regression analysis, significant predictors of a higher knowledge score were pharmacy school attended, planned postgraduate training, completion of a clinical rotation in infectious diseases, perception of pharmacy school education as useful, use of resources to answer the knowledge questions, and use of Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines and smartphone applications as frequent resources for learning about antimicrobials. Pharmacy students perceive antimicrobial stewardship to be an important healthcare issue and desire more education on the subject. Student perceptions of antimicrobial coursework and actual antimicrobial knowledge scores significantly varied by the school of pharmacy attended. Sharing of best practices among institutions may enhance the preparation of future pharmacists to contribute to effective antimicrobial stewardship

Sobre a migração vertical diária do plâncton ao largo de Santos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Várias estações foram ocupadas ao largo de Santos, durante os anos de 1960, 1961 e 1962, com a finalidade do estudo da migração vertical diária do plâncton, assim como sua relação com os parâmetros temperatura, salinidade e massas de água. Os quadros gerais do movimento vertical variaram nas diferentes datas. Demonstrou-se que a luz nem sempre pôde ser considerada como o principal fator envolvido na migração. A termoclina atuou como um fator limitando o movimento em apenas uma, das cinco estações onde esteve presente. Em estações onde ocorreram massas de água de diferentes limites de salinidade, a migração dos zooplanctontes ocorreu em geral acima ou abaixo da região de encontro dessas massas de água, independente da presença ou não de termoclina. Concluiu-se que, na região onde os estudos foram feitos, a migração diária do plâncton se apresenta bastante diversificada e não pode ser diretamente relacionada a diferentes épocas do ano ou condições oceanográficas predominantes na região. Este fato deve ser levado em conta em futuros estudos de distribuição e ecologia na região, assim como, nos resultados obtidos nos estudos de indicadores planctônicos.Several stations were occupied off the coast of Santos, with the purpose of studying the diurnal vertical migration of plankton. The results showed that in the region, the patterns of migration of net plankton are quite diversified and they cannot be related to differ ent seasons or oceanographie parameters

Knowledge and Attitudes of Doctor of Pharmacy Students Regarding the Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials

Pharmacists are key partners in antimicrobial stewardship efforts, yet their degree of education on and attitudes toward this topic during training are not well documented. An electronic survey measuring knowledge and attitudes regarding antimicrobial use and resistance was administered to graduating pharmacy students at 12 US schools of pharmacy. Of 1445 pharmacy students, 579 (40%) completed the survey. The vast majority (94%) believed that strong knowledge of antimicrobials was important for their pharmacy careers, and 89% desired more education on appropriate antimicrobial use. Most students (84%) considered their pharmacy education regarding antimicrobials useful or very useful, but there was significant variability on perceptions of preparation for most antimicrobial stewardship activities according to the students' school. The mean number of correct answers on a section of 11 knowledge questions was 5.8 (standard deviation 2.0; P value for score between schools <.001). On multivariable linear regression analysis, significant predictors of a higher knowledge score were pharmacy school attended, planned postgraduate training, completion of a clinical rotation in infectious diseases, perception of pharmacy school education as useful, use of resources to answer the knowledge questions, and use of Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines and smartphone applications as frequent resources for learning about antimicrobials. Pharmacy students perceive antimicrobial stewardship to be an important healthcare issue and desire more education on the subject. Student perceptions of antimicrobial coursework and actual antimicrobial knowledge scores significantly varied by the school of pharmacy attended. Sharing of best practices among institutions may enhance the preparation of future pharmacists to contribute to effective antimicrobial stewardship