Principales indicadores bibliométricos de la actividad científica peruana. 2012-2017

La actividad científica, como uno de los principales motores de desarrollo económico, implica la participación de diversos sectores e instituciones. Para ello, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC), como institución rectora del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (SINACYT), desarrolla diversas actividades orientadas no solo a generar las condiciones necesarias para el desarrollo de la investigación, sino también para su promoción, fomento y orientación. En este contexto, la elaboración de análisis sobre los resultados de investigación que se generan en el país es fundamental para la evaluación que hacen las diferentes instancias gubernamentales implicadas en el desarrollo de la política nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTeI) y en el planteamiento de estrategias que contribuyan a consolidar la actividad investigadora en el país.Por ello, el objetivo principal de este informe es caracterizar la investigación científica desarrollada en Perú, mediante la determinación del grado de visibilidad, colaboración, impacto, excelencia y liderazgo, que alcanzaron los investigadores peruanos, durante el sexenio de 2012-2017. Para lo cual, se usaron como fuente de datos bibliométricos Scopus de Elsevier y la metodología de SCImago Research Group.Peer reviewe

Natural History of MYH7-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Variants in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are responsible for disease in 1% to 5% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the clinical characteristics and natural history of MYH7-related DCM are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the phenotype and prognosis of MYH7-related DCM. We also evaluated the influence of variant location on phenotypic expression. METHODS We studied clinical data from 147 individuals with DCM-causing MYH7 variants (47.6% female; 35.6 +/- 19.2 years) recruited from 29 international centers. RESULTS At initial evaluation, 106 (72.1%) patients had DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction: 34.5% +/- 11.7%). Median follow-up was 4.5 years (IQR: 1.7-8.0 years), and 23.7% of carriers who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Phenotypic expression by 40 and 60 years was 46% and 88%, respectively, with 18 patients (16%) first diagnosed at <18 years of age. Thirty-six percent of patients with DCM met imaging criteria for LV noncompaction. During follow-up, 28% showed left ventricular reverse remodeling. Incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients with DCM at 5 years was 11.6%, with 5 (4.6%) deaths caused by end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and 5 patients (4.6%) requiring heart transplantation. The major ventricular arrhythmia rate was low (1.0% and 2.1% at 5 years in patients with DCM and in those with LVEF of <= 35%, respectively). ESHF and major ventricular arrhythmia were significantly lower compared with LMNA-related DCM and similar to DCM caused by TTN truncating variants. CONCLUSIONS MYH7-related DCM is characterized by early age of onset, high phenotypic expression, low left ventricular reverse remodeling, and frequent progression to ESHF. Heart failure complications predominate over ventricular arrhythmias, which are rare. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Big-Data y patentes: método para la normalización de las instituciones OCDE Top 100

La importancia de las patentes para la economía, sumada al crecimiento experimentado por la investigación en los países industrializados después de la II Guerra Mundial, ha provocado un incremento en el número de patentes registradas en el mundo, alcanzando éstas unas cifras tan elevadas, que han ocasionado que su análisis se convierta en una tarea ardua y dificultosa. Como ejemplo, destacar que en el año 2016 se registraron en el mundo más de tres millones de solicitudes de patentes (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2018). Ese abismal crecimiento experimentado por la ciencia y la investigación en las últimas décadas, también se ve reflejado en la producción científica de los países, entendida ésta como el volumen de publicaciones científicas. Procedería entonces plantearse la cuestión de si existe una vinculación palpable entre las patentes y la producción científica, o si no siempre van de la mano. La fuente utilizada para extraer los datos relativos a las patentes es PATSTAT (Patent Statistical Database), herramienta lanzada por la Oficina Europea de Patentes (OEP) en el año 2006 (Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas, 2009), su volumen asciende a más de cien millones de registros de patentes, procedentes de países industrializados y en desarrollo, además de los datos de estado legal de más de 40 autoridades nacionales de patentes contenidas en la base de datos INPADOC de la Oficina Europea de Patentes (European Patent Office, 2019). Se trata por lo tanto de una fuente de datos armonizada que, en realidad, es la suma de varias fuentes de datos nacionales, lo que finalmente hace que aglutine millones de patentes convirtiéndose en la base de datos de patentes más exhaustiva del mundo. Scopus, la mayor base de datos de citas y resúmenes de publicaciones científicas revisada por pares que existe en la actualidad (Elservier, 2019), ha sido tomada como fuente en la que localizar el nexo entre patentes y producción científica, es decir, los documentos científicos que han sido incluidos en el apartado de bibliografía de la solicitud de patente (ya sea por el propio inventor o a propuesta del revisor de la solicitud), y que dotan de una base científica a la solicitud de patente. Con el objetivo de poder analizar dicha relación patente-producción científica, resulta imprescindible disponer de unos datos normalizados y fidedignos sobre el entramado de instituciones que intervienen en estos ámbitos. El presente trabajo trata de dar respuesta a la falta de normalización de los nombres de entidad en el ámbito de la patentes, ya que no existen iniciativas disponibles de agrupación de “applicants” que permitan analizar las trayectorias de las organizaciones, y propone una metodología para organizar y estructurar este conjunto de datos masivos de patentes (Camargo-Vega et al., 2015), agrupando la información disponible, para que los datos posteriormente puedan ser analizados y sometidos al cálculo de diferentes indicadores.Contenido Listado de Tablas 3 Listado de Ilustraciones 4 Introducción 5 Objetivo 5 Método 9 Herramientas utilizadas para la normalización → Descripción de la plataforma 9 Multinacionales 9 Patrones 11 Patstat 15 Procedimiento 15 Criterios 16 Patrones 18 Problemas encontrados con las normalización de multinacionales 20 Ejemplo de Siemens 20 Diferencias entre la normalización de idn’s de Scopus y applicants de Patstat 22 Replanteamiento 22 Referencias bibliográficas 23 Anexos 24Peer reviewe

Elements modulating the prion species barrier and its passage consequences.

The specific characteristics of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) strains may be altered during passage across a species barrier. In this study we investigated the biochemical and biological characteristics of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) after transmission in both natural host species (cattle, sheep, pigs and mice) and in transgenic mice overexpressing the corresponding cellular prion protein (PrPC) in comparison with other non-BSE related prions from the same species. After these passages, most features of the BSE agent remained unchanged. BSE-derived agents only showed slight modifications in the biochemical properties of the accumulated PrPSc, which were demonstrated to be reversible upon re-inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine-PrPC. Transmission experiments in transgenic mice expressing bovine, porcine or human-PrP revealed that all BSE-derived agents were transmitted with no or a weak transmission barrier. In contrast, a high species barrier was observed for the non-BSE related prions that harboured an identical PrP amino acid sequence, supporting the theory that the prion transmission barrier is modulated by strain properties (presumably conformation-dependent) rather than by PrP amino acid sequence differences between host and donor. As identical results were observed with prions propagated either in natural hosts or in transgenic mouse models, we postulate that the species barrier and its passage consequences are uniquely governed by the host PrPC sequence and not influenced by other host genetic factors. The results presented herein reinforce the idea that the BSE agent is highly promiscuous, infecting other species, maintaining its properties in the new species, and even increasing its capabilities to jump to other species including humans. These data are essential for the development of an accurate risk assessment for BSE

Indicadores científicos de Extremadura (WoS, 1990-2002)

The main goal of this study is to describe and analyze the scientific output of Extremadura Community Autonomous (Spain), both at institutional level as thematic distribution, by the use of a set of scientometric indicators for the period 1990-2002 using Web of Science as source of data

Glycoform ratios of PrP^res detected by Western blotting.

<p>PrP^res was detected with the Sha31 monoclonal antibody in the different BSE-derived prions propagated either in the natural hosts (A) or in transgenic mouse models over-expressing their corresponding PrP^C sequence (B). Atypical cattle-BSE H, sheep-scrapie, mouse-RML and human-sCJD isolates (C) are included for comparison purposes. Values are the normalized means from at least six repeated runs. Arrows indicate the reading direction of the axis.</p

PrP^res in BoPrP-Tg110 mice.

<p>Electrophoretic profiles and antibody labelling of PrP^res as detected by mAbs Sha31 (A) and 12B2 (B) in brain extracts from BoPrP-Tg110 mice inoculated with the different BSE-derived prions: cattle-BSE (lane 1), sheep-BSE (lane 2), OvTg-BSE (lane 3), pig-BSE (lane 4), PoTg-BSE (lane 5), mouse-BSE (lane 6), MoTga20-BSE (lane 7), human-vCJD (lane 8), HuTg-BSE (lane 9). Brain extracts from BoPrP-Tg110 mice inoculated with atypical cattle-BSE H (lane 10), sheep-scrapie (lane 11) and mouse-RML (lane 12) were included as a control non-BSE related prion propagated in the same mouse model. Panels A and B were loaded with the same quantities of PrP^res extracted from each sample. MW, molecular weight in kilodaltons.</p

PrP^Sc proteinase K resistance ELISA test in BSE-derived prions.

<p>A) BSE-derived prions propagated in several host species (cattle-BSE, sheep-BSE, pig-BSE, mouse-BSE and human-vCJD); mouse-RML, sheep-scrapie and human-sCJD isolates are included for comparison purposes. B) BSE-derived prions propagated in transgenic mice expressing PrP^C of these species (BoTg-BSE, OvTg-BSE, PoTg-BSE, MoTga20-BSE and HuTg-BSE).</p