143 research outputs found
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Multi-Material, Multi-Technology FDM System
A multi-material, multi-technology FDM system was developed and constructed to
enable the production of novel thermoplastic parts. Two legacy FDM systems were modified
and installed onto a single manufacturing system to allow the strategic, spatially controlled
thermoplastic deposition of multiple materials during the same build. Additionally, a build
process variation utilizing more than two extrusions tips was employed to deposit
thermoplastic materials using variable layer thicknesses and road widths. The hardware and
control software is discussed as well as the potential applications of multi-material polymeric
parts. Benefits of multiple material FDM include: 1) achieving aesthetic requirements by
using polymers of different colors, and 2) attaining desired properties (e.g., bulk
tensile/compressive/flexural strength, weight, thermal conductivity) by strategically
combining layers and regions within layers of polymers that display different properties.
Parts produced using the build process variation exhibited internal road with 1200 ± 39µm
road width and 497 ± 11µm layer height while the contours measured 269 ± 18µm road width
and 133 ± 3µm layer thickness. Additionally, for a 50.8mm by 50.8mm square section
(25.4mm tall), the build process variation required 4.0 hours to build while the original
strategy required 6.2 hours constituting a 35% reduction in build time.Mechanical Engineerin
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Unified Software for Multi-Functional G-Code: A Method for Implementing Multi-Technology Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) began a manufacturing revolution moving industrial
production into consumer homes. With interest shifting toward multi-functional parts fabricated
through AM technologies, multi-functional fabrication systems are now being developed.
Merging different manufacturing technologies into a single machine is a challenge, but ongoing
research in the development of multi-technology systems has shown promise. The software and
automation aspects of multi-technology systems are being developed in unison. This paper
explores the challenges and approaches to developing software that interfaces with multifunctional
CADs and creates files for direct use in multi-technology AM machines.Mechanical Engineerin
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Improving Tensile Mechanical Properties of FDM-Manufactured Specimens via Modifying Build Parameters
In this paper, the focus was on improving tensile mechanical properties of FDMmanufactured parts by adjusting FDM processing parameters and analyzing stress concentration
features between adjacent roads of material. FDM processing parameters are specified by the
user via Insight – the file preparation software for most FDM machines. Even though Insight
gives the impression that adjacent roads are to be deposited and connected throughout, an optical
imaging observation of the deposited material revealed that adjacent roads are not consistently
connected forming voids that reduce mechanical performance. Therefore, this work reports the
tensile mechanical properties of specimens built using three sets of parameters: standard/default
parameters, an Insight revision method, and a visual feedback method. When compared to the
default build parameters, the experimentally determined, visual feedback approach produced
specimens, in some cases, exhibiting as high as 19% improvement in ultimate tensile strength.Mechanical Engineerin
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Measurement Systems Comparison on Various Feature Sizes of FDM Parts
12 identical FDM parts were produced in ABSM30, each having 16 features for replicated
measurements. Half the features were positive (posts), half were negative (holes). Half of all
features were rectangular, half were round. Two different CMMs with 1.5mm touch probes were
compared, one CMM additionally used a laser, and manual measurements were taken with
gauges and calipers. All features were measured using these 4 measurement systems. All
measurements were compared against the theoretical feature size to generate a percent error
value. The laser values were notably different than both probe values. The manual
measurements were similar to one of the two CMM probes. Positive versus negative features
were significantly different in 7 of 8 cases. Feature size and measurement error were inversely
proportional. The largest features had the least amount of error in all cases while the features
below 6mm had the most error and high variation.Mechanical Engineerin
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Cooperative Fabrication Methodology for Embedding Wireon Corved Surfaces
In conventional additive manufacturing (AM), an object is fabricated by depositing material in a
layer by layer fashion. Typically, this process is retained so that deposition can occur on flat
surfaces and motion can be constrained to requiring only three degrees of freedom (DOF) in a
Cartesian coordinate system. When incorporating wire in three-dimensional (3D) objects, there is
sometimes a need for placement along curved surfaces on which positions are defined not only
by 3D Cartesian coordinates but also angular ones. Therefore, a minimum of two additional
DOFs are required allowing movement to be generated at the build platform as well as of the
extrusion head. This paper addresses a method for trajectory planning of both systems, that is,
the extrusion head and the movable build platform, allowing for cooperative and harmonic
motion between the two.Mechanical Engineerin
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Fused Deposition Modeling of Polymethylmethacrylate for Use in Patient-Specific Reconstructive Surgery
facial reconstruction and as bone cement and antibiotic-impregnated spacers in
orthopaedics. The polymerization of PMMA in-situ causes tissue necrosis and other
complications due to the long surgical times associated with mixing and shaping the PMMA.
PMMA is a thermoplastic acrylic resin suitable for extrusion in FDM thus 3D anatomical models
can be fabricated prior to surgery directly from medical imaging data. The building parameters
required for successful FDM fabrication with medical-grade PMMA filament (1/16ӯ) were
developed using an FDM 3000. It was found that a liquefier and envelope temperature of 235ºC
and 55ºC, respectively, as well as increasing the model feed rate by 60%, were necessary to
properly and consistently extrude the PMMA filament. Scaffolds with different porosities and
fabrication conditions (tip wipe frequency and layer orientation) were produced, and their
compressive mechanical properties were examined. Results show that both the tip wipe
frequency (1 wipe every layer or 1 wipe every 10 layers) and layer orientation (transverse or
axial with respect to the applied compressive load) used to fabricate the scaffolds, as well as the
porosity of the scaffold had an effect on the mechanical properties. The samples fabricated with
the high tip frequency had a larger compressive strength and modulus (Compressive strength: 16
± 0.97 vs. 13 ± 0.71 MPa, Modulus: 370 ± 14 vs. 313 ± 29 MPa, for samples fabricated in the
transverse orientation with 1 tip wipe per layer or 1 tip wipe per 10 layers, respectively). Also,
the samples fabricated in the transverse orientation had a larger compressive strength and
modulus than the ones fabricated in the axial orientation (Compressive strength: 16±0.97 vs.
13±0.83 MPa, Modulus: 370±14 vs. 281±22 MPa, for samples fabricated with 1 tip wipe per
layer, in the transverse and axial orientation, respectively). Overall, the compressive strain for
the samples fabricated with the four different conditions ranged from 8 – 12%. In regards to the
porosity of the samples, in general, the stiffness, yield strength and yield strain decreased when
the porosity increased (Compressive strength: 12±0.71 – 7±0.95 MPa, Modulus: 248±10 –
165±16 MPa, Strain: 7±1.5 – 5±1% for samples with a porosity ranging from 55 – 70%). The
successful FDM fabrication of patient-specific, 3D PMMA implants with varying densities,
including the model of a structure to repair a cranial defect and the model of a femur, was
demonstrated. This work shows that customized structures with varying porosities to achieve
tailored properties can be designed and directly fabricated using FDM and PMMA.Mechanical Engineerin
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Sterilization of FDM-Manufactured Parts
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) can be used to produce an array of medical devices;
however, for such devices to be practical, they must be manufactured using sterilizable materials.
Nine FDM materials were tested using four methods of sterilization: autoclave, ethylene oxide,
hydrogen peroxide, and gamma radiation. Sterility testing was performed by incubating the
samples in Tryptic Soy Broth for 14 days. The majority of the materials were sterilizable by all
four methods while deformations were caused by autoclaving. Results from this research will
allow medical staff to sterilize an FDM-manufactured device using a suitable method.Mechanical Engineerin
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TESTING PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT FOR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF PARTS BUILT WITH BIG AREA ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Mechanical testing of additively manufactured parts has largely relied on existing
standards developed for traditional manufacturing. While this approach leverages the investment
made on current standards development, it inaccurately assumes that mechanical response of AM
parts is identical to that of parts manufactured through traditional processes. When considering
thermoplastic, material extrusion AM, differences in response can be attributed to an AM part’s
inherent inhomogeneity caused by porosity, interlayer zones, and surface texture. Additionally,
interlayer bonding of parts printed with large-scale AM is difficult to adequately assess as much
testing is done such that stress is distributed across many layer interfaces; therefore, the lack of
AM-specific standard to assess interlayer bonding is a significant research gap. To quantify
interlayer bonding via fracture toughness, double cantilever beam (DCB) testing has been used
for some AM materials, and DCB has been generally used for a variety of materials including
metal, wood, and laminates. Mode I DCB testing was performed on thermoplastic matrix
composites printed with Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM). Of particular interest was
the crack shape and deflection speed during testing. A modernization of the testing process was
proposed using visual processing of a recording of the crack propagation to get more accurate
calculations. Results discuss the differences when using two crack types and three deflection
speeds.Mechanical Engineerin
Using Additive Manufacturing to Print a CubeSat Propulsion System
Small satellites, such as CubeSats, are increasingly being called upon to perform missions traditionally ascribed to larger satellite systems. However, the market of components and hardware for small satellites, particularly CubeSats, still falls short of providing the necessary capabilities required by ever increasing mission demands. One way to overcome this shortfall is to develop the ability to customize every build. By utilizing fabrication methods such as additive manufacturing, mission specific capabilities can be built into a system, or into the structure, that commercial off-the-shelf components may not be able to provide. A partnership between the University of Texas at El Paso, COSMIAC at the University of New Mexico, Northrop Grumman, and the NASA Glenn Research Center is looking into using additive manufacturing techniques to build a complete CubeSat, under the Small Spacecraft Technology Program. The W. M. Keck Center at the University of Texas at El Paso has previously demonstrated the ability to embed electronics and wires into the addtively manufactured structures. Using this technique, features such as antennas and propulsion systems can be included into the CubeSat structural body. Of interest to this paper, the team is investigating the ability to take a commercial micro pulsed plasma thruster and embed it into the printing process. Tests demonstrating the dielectric strength of the printed material and proof-of-concept demonstration of the printed thruster will be shown
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In-situ Electrical Resistance Measurements for Soldering Studies in Hybrid AM
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof: The views
and opinions of-authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the-United
States Government or any agency thereof.Mechanical Engineerin
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