Ориентализм в музыкальном творчестве М.И. Глинки

Цель данной статьи – изучение творчества русских композиторов первой половины ХIХ века с точки зрения дальнейшего проникновения (и окончательного утверждения) ориентального элемента в русскую классическую музыку

Організації Комуністичної спілки молоді України у ВНЗ УСРР у 1920-і роки

У статті розглянуті питання організаційного становлення та зростання чисельності комсомольських осередків ВНЗ, розгортання руху за якість знань, створення та діяльність загонів «легкої кавалерії», роль КСМУ у формуванні тоталітарної системи в інститутах і технікумах.В статье рассмотрены вопросы организационного становления и роста численности комсомольских организаций в вузах, развитие движения за качество знаний, роль КСМУ в формировании тоталитарной системы в институтах и техникумах.In the article the following questions are examined: formation and growth of number of Komsomol organizations in institutions of higher education, knowledge quality development, role of youth communist society of Ukraine in formation of totalitarian system at institutes and technical schools

Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals transient states of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by functional dysconnectivity or abnormal integration between distant brain regions. Recent functional imaging studies have implicated large-scale thalamo-cortical connectivity as being disrupted in patients. However, observed connectivity differences in schizophrenia have been inconsistent between studies, with reports of hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity between the same brain regions. Using resting state eyes-closed functional imaging and independent component analysis on a multi-site data that included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender matched healthy controls, we decomposed the functional brain data into 100 components and identified 47 as functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. We subsequently evaluated group differences in functional network connectivity, both in a static sense, computed as the pairwise Pearson correlations between the full network time courses (5.4minutes in length), and a dynamic sense, computed using sliding windows (44s in length) and k-means clustering to characterize five discrete functional connectivity states. Static connectivity analysis revealed that compared to healthy controls, patients show significantly stronger connectivity, i.e., hyperconnectivity, between the thalamus and sensory networks (auditory, motor and visual), as well as reduced connectivity (hypoconnectivity) between sensory networks from all modalities. Dynamic analysis suggests that (1), on average, schizophrenia patients spend much less time than healthy controls in states typified by strong, large-scale connectivity, and (2), that abnormal connectivity patterns are more pronounced during these connectivity states. In particular, states exhibiting cortical–subcortical antagonism (anti-correlations) and strong positive connectivity between sensory networks are those that show the group differences of thalamic hyperconnectivity and sensory hypoconnectivity. Group differences are weak or absent during other connectivity states. Dynamic analysis also revealed hypoconnectivity between the putamen and sensory networks during the same states of thalamic hyperconnectivity; notably, this finding cannot be observed in the static connectivity analysis. Finally, in post-hoc analyses we observed that the relationships between sub-cortical low frequency power and connectivity with sensory networks is altered in patients, suggesting different functional interactions between sub-cortical nuclei and sensorimotor cortex during specific connectivity states. While important differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls have been identified, one should interpret the results with caution given the history of medication in patients. Taken together, our results support and expand current knowledge regarding dysconnectivity in schizophrenia, and strongly advocate the use of dynamic analyses to better account for and understand functional connectivity differences.Highlights•Studied both static and dynamic connectivity changes in schizophrenia during rest•Small but significant connectivity differences might be obscured in static analysis.•Patients show significant differences in dwell times in multiple states.•Disrupted thalamo-cortical connectivity in schizophrenia in a state-specific manne

Observers can reliably identify illusory flashes in the illusory flash paradigm

In the illusory flash paradigm, a single flash may be experienced as two flashes when accompanied by two beeps or taps, and two flashes may be experienced as a single flash when accompanied by one beep or tap. The classic paradigm restricts responses to '1' and '2' (2-AFC), ignoring possible qualitative differences between real and illusory flashes and implicitly assuming that illusory flashes are indistinguishable from real flashes. We added a third response category 'different from that of either 1 or 2 flashes' (3-AFC). Eight naïve and 6 experienced observers responded to 160 real and 160 illusory flash trials. Experienced observers were exposed to 1,200 trials before the experiment but without receiving feedback on their performance. The third response category was used for only 4 % of the real flash trials and for 44 % of the illusory flash trials. Experienced observers did so more often (78 %) than naïve observers (18 %). This shows that observers can reliably identify illusory flashes and indicates that mere exposure to illusory flash trials (without feedback) is enough to detect and classify potential qualitative differences between real and illusory flashes. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Is the Touch-Induced Illusory Flash Distinguishable from a Real Flash?

When the presentation of a single flash is paired with that of 2 taps, a second, illusory, flash is sometimes perceived. We presented participants with 1 or 2 flashes paired with 1 or 2 taps and asked them to report the number of flashes. In experiment 1, we used the response categories 1, 2, 3 and analyzed the responses to 2 consecutive illusory flash trials (1 flash, 2 taps). The chance to report 2 flashes was 70% when their preceding answer was 2 and only 10% when it was 1 (p < .001). This effect can occur when participants’ percept neither fits the 1 or 2 response category. In experiment 2, we introduced a new response category, viz. ‘something different from 1 or 2 flashes’ and found that observers used this category in 50.0% of the illusory flash trials, while 2 real flashes were reported as 2 in 87.3% of the trials (X2 = 116.62; p < .001). We conclude that the percept of an illusory flash differs from that of a real flash

Navigating virtual mazes : The benefits of audiovisual landmarks

It has been shown that multisensory presentation can improve perception, attention, and object memory compared with unisensory presentation. Consequently, we expect that multisensory presentation of landmarks can improve spatial memory and navigation. In this study we tested the effect of visual, auditory and combined landmark presentations in virtual mazes on spatial memory and spatial navigation. Nineteen participants explored four different virtual mazes consisting of nodes with landmarks and corridors connecting them. Each maze was explored for 90 s. After each exploration, participants performed the following tasks in fixed order: (1) draw a map of the maze, (2) recall adjacent landmarks for three given landmarks, (3) place all landmarks on the map of the maze, and (4) find their way through the maze to locate five given landmarks in fixed order. Our study shows significant effects of multisensory versus unisensory landmarks for the maze drawing task, the adjacency task, and the wayfinding task. Our results suggest that audiovisual landmark presentations improve spatial memory and spatial navigation performance in virtual environments

Structural brain alterations in major depression: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

Stress-related psychiatric disorders across the life spa

Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised protocols of individuals with ADHD compared with those who do not have this diagnosis. Our primary outcome was to assess case-control differences in subcortical structures and intracranial volume through pooling of all individual data from all cohorts in this collaboration. For this analysis, p values were significant at the false discovery rate corrected threshold of p=0.0156. FINDINGS: Our sample comprised 1713 participants with ADHD and 1529 controls from 23 sites with a median age of 14 years (range 4-63 years). The volumes of the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0.15), amygdala (d=-0.19), caudate (d=-0.11), hippocampus (d=-0.11), putamen (d=-0.14), and intracranial volume (d=-0.10) were smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls in the mega-analysis. There was no difference in volume size in the pallidum (p=0.95) and thalamus (p=0.39) between people with ADHD and controls. Exploratory lifespan modelling suggested a delay of maturation and a delay of degeneration, as effect sizes were highest in most subgroups of children (21 years): in the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0.19 vs -0.10), amygdala (d=-0.18 vs -0.14), caudate (d=-0.13 vs -0.07), hippocampus (d=-0.12 vs -0.06), putamen (d=-0.18 vs -0.08), and intracranial volume (d=-0.14 vs 0.01). There was no difference between children and adults for the pallidum (p=0.79) or thalamus (p=0.89). Case-control differences in adults were non-significant (all p>0.03). Psychostimulant medication use (all p>0.15) or symptom scores (all p>0.02) did not influence results, nor did the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (all p>0.5). INTERPRETATION: With the largest dataset to date, we add new knowledge about bilateral amygdala, accumbens, and hippocampus reductions in ADHD. We extend the brain maturation delay theory for ADHD to include subcortical structures and refute medication effects on brain volume suggested by earlier meta-analyses. Lifespan analyses suggest that, in the absence of well powered longitudinal studies, the ENIGMA cross-sectional sample across six decades of ages provides a means to generate hypotheses about lifespan trajectories in brain phenotypes. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health