Effect of genotypical factors on the effectiveness of anther culture in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

The aim of this study was to determine the androgenic capacity of some eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) varieties and breeding lines, and to establish the effectiveness of androgenesis induction in the less responsive genotypes by crossing with more responsive genotypes that have a high ability for haploid embryo formation. Flower buds containing greenish-yellow anthers were collected when the microspores were at the late uninucleate stage, which is equivalent to a bud size where petals are not visible. The anthers were kept in the dark at 35 degrees C for 8 days, then incubated with a 12 h light period at 25 degrees C for 4 days on C medium, and then transferred to solid R medium, supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose and 0.1 mg/L kinetin. Topan, Halep Karasi, and Teorem F-1 varieties and 2 breeding lines [Vd-1 and Vd-2 (LS 2346)] that have a tolerance to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were used as the plant materials during the first part of the study. Haploid embryos were obtained from Topan and Halep Karasi at the rate of 4.16% and 2.63%, respectively. The responses of Topan and Halep Karasi eggplant varieties to the anther culture were better than those of the Teorem F-1 cultivar and the Vd-1 and Vd-2 lines. Because of their responses to anther culture, the Topan and Halep Karasi varieties were used as donor parents, and they were crossed with the other 3 genotypes (Teorem F-1, Vd-1, and Vd-2) reciprocally. Gametic embryogenesis among hybrids was only obtained from the Topan x Teorem F-1, and Teorem F-1 x Topan combinations (0.87% and 2.57%, respectively). Development of the haploid embryos and plant formation occurred at the rates of 0.69% and 2.57%, respectively. This study revealed that the effectiveness of androgenesis in eggplant strongly depended on genotypes. This crossing technique could be useful for increasing the opportunity for haploid embryogenesis from genotypes that are unlikely to form haploid embryos, and crossing between the fair-responsive and poor/nonresponsive genotypes could be a good system for qualifying androgenic response in eggplant

The changes of fruit quality parameters at using of different eggplant rootstock/scion combinations which growing under salt and drought stress

Effects of drought and salt stress on fruit quality in grafted plants, which salt and drought tolerance Mardin Kızıltepe (MK), Burdur Merkez (BM) and sensitive Kemer (K), Artvin Hopa (AH) as scion genotypes were grafted on the salt tolerance commercial eggplant as rootstocks (Köksal and Vista). This study was carried out in glasshouse where controlled temperature and humidity. For drought stress, plant-available water, 50% was consumed for irrigation. The salinity level determinated as 6 dS m-1 (EC) with NaCl. The end of the experiment, fruit dry weight (DW), fruit juice EC level, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solid content (SSC), vitamin C (Vit C) contents were investigated. These parameters values were increased with drought and salinity; however fruit pH level was decreased. In the grafted plants on Köksal and Vista rootstock, fruit juice EC level, soluble solid content and Vit C content increased under drought conditions compared to control plants. As a result, using of tolerance rootstock in grafting was found effectively improving of fruit quality under drought condition in eggplant

Comparison of salinity effects on grafted and non-grafted eggplants in terms of ion accumulation, MDA content and antioxidative enyzme activities

Grafting onto resistant/tolerant rootstocks is known to alleviate the negative effects of abiotic stress factors like salinity by enhancing their enzymatic antioxidant defense system and having more efficient nutrient uptake. This study was carried out under greenhouse conditions, different rootstock/scion eggplant combinations were grown under two salinity treatments 1.8-2 dS/m (control) and 6-7 dS/m (stress) with seven eggplant genotypes as rootstocks (commercial and Turkish genotypes). Two genotypes were used as the scion. Leaf MDA and ions (Na+, Cl-, K+ and Ca++) content, antioxidant enzymes activity were evaluated as indicators for plant tolerance level. It was found that the rootstock-grafted plants were more efficient in preventing Na+ ions to be transferred to the plants upper parts and had higher SOD, CAT, and APX activity levels compared to the self- and non-grafted plants which resulted in better tolerance and growth in these plants

Obtaining dihaploid lines by using anther culture in the different eggplant cultivars

This research was carried out in the application greenhouses of the Vegetable Growing Section and Tissue Culture Laboratory of Yalova-Ataturk Horticultural Research Institute. The success rate of embryo formation was found to be significantly higher in the anther culture established with buds obtained from eggplants grown in the summer period. The cultivar "25" gave the best response among the cultivars subjected to anther culture, with embryo and plant formation rates of 14.2% and 5.3%, respectively. After obtaining haploid plants via anther culture, colchicine was applied at concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, for 1 or 2 hours, for obtaining dihaploids under in vitro conditions. The best result was obtained from treatment with 0.5% colchicine for 2 hours and 1% colchicine for 1 hour. Chromosome counts were made in di-haploid plants and seeds were obtained from these plants

Changes Occur in Lipid Peroxidation, Chlorophyll and Ion Contents of Some Salt Tolerant and SensitiveCucumis sp. Genotypes Grown Under Salinity Stress

100 mM tuz uygulanan Cucumis sp. genotiplerine ait bitkilerin yapraklarında Na+, K+, Cl- iyon miktarı, lipid peroksidasyon ve klorofil miktarı bakımından ortaya çıkan değişimler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada iki adet tuza toleransı yüksek ticari çeşit (Galia C8 ve Galia F1), üç adet orta düzeyde tolerant yerel çeşit (Besni, Midyat ve Şemame), iki adet hassas kavun çeşidi (Ananas ve Yuva) ile bir adet acur hattı (C.flexuosus) kullanılmıştır. Tuz uygulanan genotiplerde kontrol bitkilerine göre Na+ ve Cl- iyonlarında önemli düzeyde artışlar meydana gelirken, K+ iyonunda ise azalma görülmüştür. Hücre zarı hasarı göstergesi olan lipid peroksidasyon ürünü MDA miktarı, tuz stresi altında hassas genotiplerde artış göstermiş; buna karşılık klorofil miktarlarında değişen oranlarda kayıplar meydana gelmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda özellikle Na+ ve Cl- iyon miktarlarının tuza tolerant ve hassas kavun genotiplerinin belirlenmesi açısından etkin bir parametre olabileceği görüşüne varılmıştır.Amounts of Na+, K+, Cl- ions, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll-dependent changes in plant leaves of Cucumis sp. genotypes treated with 100 mM salt were investigated. In this study, two highly salt tolerant (Galia C8 and Galia F1), three semi-tolerant (Besni, Midyat and Şemame), two salt-sensitive (Ananas and Yuva) melon varieties and one gherkin line (C. flexuosus) were used. While significant increases were observed in Na+ and Cl- ions on salt-treated genotypes with respect to control treatment, decreases observed in Ca+ ve K+ ions. Amount of lipid peroxidation product MDA, which is an indicator of cell membrane damage, exhibited an increase in sensitive genotypes under salt stress; on the other hand, decreases were observed in the amount of chlorophyll at various rates. As a result, it was determined that especially the amounts of Na+ and Cl- ions might be an effective parameter in determination of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive melon genotype

Determination of relationship among different parameters for evaluated drought resistance in tomatoes, eggplant and melon genotypes

Kuraklık stresine dayanım seviyeleri belirlenmek üzere seçilen dörder adet domates (TR-68516, Rio Grande, TR-63233, TR-63233, H-2274), patlıcan (Mardin-Kızıltepe, Burdur-Merkez, Artvin-Hopa, Kemer) ve kavun (Midyat, Şemame, Yuva, Ananas) genotipinde; stres koşulları altındaki bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, yaprak alanı, nispi nem, yaprak su potansiyeli, klorofil, Ca, Zn, Mn ve Fe içeriği ile SOD, CAT, GR ve APX enzim aktiviteleri arasındaki istatistiksel ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Üç türde yapılan korelasyon analizleri, skala değerlendirmesinin kuraklığa dayanımı gösteren önemli bir parametre olduğunu göstermiştir. Stres altındaki bitkilerde, bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığı ile yaprak alanı ve nispi nem oranı arasında; ayrıca skala değeri ile stoma iletkenliği arasında negatif bir korelasyon ortaya çıkmıştır. Kuraklık stresi bitkilerdeki MDA miktarında ve Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), glutatyon redüktaz (GR), askorbat peroksidaz (APX) ve katalaz (CAT) enzim aktivitelerinde artışa neden olmuştur. CAT ve GR enzim aktiviteleri ile skala arasında yüksek düzeyde bir negatif korelasyon olduğu görülmüştür.In this research, tomato (TR-68516, Rio Grande, TR-63233, TR-63233, H-2274), eggplant (Mardin-Kızıltepe, Burdur-Merkez, Artvin-Hopa, Kemer), and melon (Midyat, Şemame, Yuva, Ananas) genotypes which were chosen to determine their tolerance levels against drought, were evaluated for fresh and dry weights, leaf area, relative humidity, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, Ca, Zn, Mn and Fe contents, besides SOD, CAT, GR, and APX enzyme activity under stress conditions. The correlation analysis were determined as an important parameter indicating drought resistance in the three vegetable species. Under stress condition, a positive correlation was determined between leaf area and relative humidity in the means of fresh and dry weights. However, a negative correlation was shown between scala and stomatal conductance. Drought stress was caused increasing in MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities in all of the genotypes. The high level of the negative correlation was observed between the CAT, GR enzyme activities, and scala

Investigation of ıon distribution in melon seedlings belong to native accessions grown under salt stress

Tuz Gölü çevresinde yetişen yerli kavun populasyonları, ıslah çalışmaları açısından önemli bir gen kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız toplanan kavunların tuza tolerans durumlarını incelemek ve tuzlu koşullarda Na+ , Cl- , K+ ve Ca+2 iyonlarının fide dönemindeki bitkilerde dağılımını araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bitkisel materyal olarak dokuz adet yerli kavun (Cucumis melo L.) aksesyonu ve bir adet ticari çeşit kullanılmıştır. Tuza tolerant Midyat kavunu ve tuza duyarlı Yuva çeşidi denemede tanık olarak kullanılmıştır. Geri kalan sekiz genotip, Şereflikoçhisar ilçesi ve çevresinde kavun yetiştiren üreticilerden temin edilmiştir. Tohumlar vermikulit içerisinde çimlendirilmiş, fidelerin kotiledon yaprakları yatay duruma geldiğinde Hoagland besin çözeltisinde su kültürüne alınmışlardır. İki hafta sonra besin çözeltisine üç gün süreyle kademeli artış yapılarak toplamda 150 mM NaCl ilave edilmiş ve tuz uygulamasından 3 gün sonra ölçüm ve analizler yapılmıştır. Skala değeri, Na+ , Cl- , K+ ve Ca+2 iyonlarının 1-4. yapraklardaki, gövde ve köklerdeki birikimi ölçülmüştür. Midyat kavunu tuza yüksek düzeyde tolerans göstermiş, Yuva çeşidi ise tuzdan en fazla etkilenen çeşit olmuştur. Koçhisar yöresel kavun genotipleri arasında tuza toleransı oldukça yüksek olanlar bulunduğu gibi (Gülhöyük B.C., Gülhöyük K.S., Koçhisar T-2), tuza toleransı daha düşük olanlar da ortaya çıkmıştır (Çiklota, Palazobası, Gülhöyük E.Ö., Koçhisar T-1). Kavunda tuza toleransın belirlenmesinde bünyeye düşük düzeyde sodyum ve klor iyonu alma, bu iyonları uzak tutabilme yeteneği önemli bulunmuştur. Fide döneminde yeşil aksamdaki toplam Na+ ve Cliyonu miktarı ile tuza tolerans arasında bir bağlantı olabileceği görülmüştür. K + ve Ca+2 iyonlarının miktarı ve dağılımı ile tuza tolerans durumu arasında bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, ‘fide aşamasındaki’ bitkilerin organlarındaki iyon dağılımının, tuza tolerant genotip seçimi için yeterli bir tarama parametresi olmayacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.Local melon populations growing on the side part of the Salt Lake present an important potential of gene source in terms of breeding programs. The aim of this work is investigation of salt tolerance status of that melon populations and examine the distribution of Na+ , Cl- , K+ , Ca+2 ions in the plant. As the plant material, nine melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions and one commercial type were used. One of them is Midyat melon, which is local salt-tolerant genotype, and the another one is Yuva melon cultivar, which is sensitive to salt. The rest eight genotypes are the populations which were provided from the melon growers in Salt Lake region. The seeds were germinated in vermiculite, and when the cotyledon leaves of seedlings become to horizontal position, they were taken to hydroponic culture in Hoagland nutrient solution. After two weeks, total 150 mM of NaCl was added in to the solution for three days through the way in steps, and at the end of the 3rd day after applying salt, measuring and analysis were performed. Value of scale and Na+ , Cl- , K+ , Ca+2 ion contents in 1-4. leaves, stem and roots were carried out. Midyat melon’s tolerance to salt was highest. Yuva was affected the most from the salt. Amongst the local melon genotypes, there have existed the ones whose tolerance to salt is quite high (Gülhöyük B.C.,Gülhöyük K.S., Koçhisar T-2), and the rehave existed the ones whose tolerance to salt is lower (Çiklota, Palazobası, Gülhöyük E.Ö., Koçhisar-T1). Taking sodium and chlorine ions in to the body at the low level, and the capability of keeping these ions far away is determined as an important factor for having salt tolerance in melon plants. It has been observed that there may be a relation between the amount of total Na+ and Clions at the green part and the tolerance to salt. The distributions of K+ and Ca +2 ions sorts difference amongst the organs, and they haven’t been in connection with the feature of tolerance to salt. The distribution of ion organs of plants ‘at the seedling stage’ may not be sufficient as a screening parameter for selection the salt-tolerant genotypes in melon

Researches on in vitro propagation of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.)

Tıbbi ve aromatik bir bitki olan, kurutulmuş veya taze olarak tüketilen tarhun bitkisinin (Artemisia dracunculus L.) doku kültürü yoluyla çoğaltımı üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Tarhun bitkisinde yapılan doku kültürü çalışmasında, in vitro koşullarda çoğaltım için en uygun eksplant tipi, karbonhidrat kaynağı, alt kültür sayısının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada farklı besin ortamları denenmiş ve en uygun besin ortamının 1.8 ?M BA, 0.3 ?M NAA, % 3 toz şeker ve % 0.7 agar ilave edilen Murashige ve Skoog besin ortamı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek gelişme oranı % 92.0 değeriyle ‘Sürgün ucu x Toz şeker’ kombinasyonundan elde edilmiştir. Üç kere alt kültür yapılmış, alt kültürlerde rozetleşme ve albino bitki oluşumu gözlenmiştir. Besin ortamına GA3 ilave edilmesi gelişmeyi olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. En iyi durumda olan sürgünler ile köklendirme denemeleri kurulmuştur. Köklendirme aşamasında en uzun köklerin 0.5 mg/l IBA ilave edilen tam MS ve 12 MS ortamlarından elde edildiği (sırasıyla 4414.0 ve 4616.0 mm), hormonsuz ortamlardaki kök uzunluklarının daha kısa olarak belirlendiği görülmüştür (3411.0 ve 3508.0 mm). Köklenen tarhun bitkicikleri saksılara aktarılmıştır. Tarhunun doku kültürüyle çoğaltılması başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Klonal mikroçoğaltımı sınırlandıran bir sorun olarak görülen albino bitki oluşumu ve bunun giderilmesi konularında detaylı çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur.Medicinal and aromatic plants, which are consumed as a dried or fresh tarragon plant (Artemisia dracunculus L.) through tissue culture propagation were studied. The tissue culture study on tarragon, explant type most suitable for in vitro propagation, carbonhydrate source, and sub-culture tried to determine the number. In this study, the optimal nutritional environment of different nutrient media tried and BA 1.8 μM, 0.3 μM NAA, 3 % sugar and 0.7 % agar supplemented Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium were determined. The highest growth rate of 92.0 % according to this value, 'Shoot tip x Granulated sugar' were obtained from the combination. Three times were sub-culture, sub-cultures rosette and albino plant formation was observed. Addition of GA3 adversely affected the development. The longest roots were obtained from 0.5 mg /l IBA supplemented MS and 1⁄2 MS media (44±14.0 and 46±16.0 mm, respectively), hormone-free medium was determined to be shorter root lengths (34±11.0 and 35±08.0 mm ). Tarragon rooted plants were transferred to pots. Tarragon propagation by tissue culture was carried out successfully. Clonal micropropagation seen as a problem limiting the formation of albino plants and eliminate about it was that detailed studies should be performed

Selection of salt tolerant lines at cell level using gamma ray with callus and suspension culture techniques in black carrots (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.)

The main objective was to select salt tolerant lines at the cell level of Hatay region's black carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) using callus and suspension culture techniques combined with gamma rays. Hypocotyl explants of in vitro grown plantlets was used for callus induction. Effective mutation dose was determined by gamma radiation treatment at various doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Gy) to black carrot calli after in vitro optimization steps. According to regression analysis, the number of plants regenerated from calli was found 8.36 Gy as effective dose. In the ongoing study, calli with 7 Gy, 8 Gy and 9 Gy gamma rays were multiplied by subculture for 5 times. Shoot induction was achieved in medium containing 1 mg L-1 BAP concentration. Average plant height, root length and branching number parameters of plants regenerated from calli were determined. Salt stress was applied to the plants acclimatized from in vitro to the climate chambers. changes in the amount of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of antioxidant enzymes and the changes in lipid peroxidation were revealed in leaf samples taken from plants that continued to live in a salty environment after the 14 days of the treatment. At the end of the study, salt tolerance increased in mutant plants have the plant number of 8-21, 9-19, 7-9, 9-2 and 9-8 compared to the control, and these were determined as possible mutant plants