Organellar DNA diversity in some ornamental plants related to reproduction system and life strategy

124 7. Conclusions The purpose of this Ph.D. work was oriented towards two points. 1. The analysis of organellar diversity among three plant species (Silene vulgaris, Silene latifolia and Aldrovanda vesiculosa). The three plant species had different morphological and physiological characters. The focus here was on two physiological points. 1.1. The reproduction system which is directly correlated with the mitochondrial DNA (in the case of CMS). This point was presented in the comparison between Silene vulgaris and Silene latifolia. 1.2. The different life strategy which is directly correlated with the organellar DNA diversity. This point was presented by the comparison between the two Silene species from one side and Aldrovanda vesiculosa from the other side. The later usually propagate vegetatively and live in different media (water), it present different life strategy under the umbrella of angiosperms. 2. The analysis of the inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genome in Silene vulgaris. The study of this inheritance was facilitated by the high polymorphism available in the organellar DNA. This polymorphism could be detected by the different molecular markers used in this study. These molecular markers included either, gene coding regions markers previously used by D.E.McCauley and his team...124 7. Conclusions The purpose of this Ph.D. work was oriented towards two points. 1. The analysis of organellar diversity among three plant species (Silene vulgaris, Silene latifolia and Aldrovanda vesiculosa). The three plant species had different morphological and physiological characters. The focus here was on two physiological points. 1.1. The reproduction system which is directly correlated with the mitochondrial DNA (in the case of CMS). This point was presented in the comparison between Silene vulgaris and Silene latifolia. 1.2. The different life strategy which is directly correlated with the organellar DNA diversity. This point was presented by the comparison between the two Silene species from one side and Aldrovanda vesiculosa from the other side. The later usually propagate vegetatively and live in different media (water), it present different life strategy under the umbrella of angiosperms. 2. The analysis of the inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genome in Silene vulgaris. The study of this inheritance was facilitated by the high polymorphism available in the organellar DNA. This polymorphism could be detected by the different molecular markers used in this study. These molecular markers included either, gene coding regions markers previously used by D.E.McCauley and his team...Department of Experimental Plant BiologyKatedra experimentální biologie rostlinFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Transcription profiles of mitochondrial genes correlate with mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in a natural population of Silene vulgaris

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although rapid changes in copy number and gene order are common within plant mitochondrial genomes, associated patterns of gene transcription are underinvestigated. Previous studies have shown that the gynodioecious plant species <it>Silene vulgaris </it>exhibits high mitochondrial diversity and occasional paternal inheritance of mitochondrial markers. Here we address whether variation in DNA molecular markers is correlated with variation in transcription of mitochondrial genes in <it>S. vulgaris </it>collected from natural populations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We analyzed RFLP variation in two mitochondrial genes, <it>cox1 </it>and <it>atp1</it>, in offspring of ten plants from a natural population of <it>S. vulgaris </it>in Central Europe. We also investigated transcription profiles of the <it>atp1 </it>and <it>cox1 </it>genes. Most DNA haplotypes and transcription profiles were maternally inherited; for these, transcription profiles were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. One individual exhibited a pattern consistent with paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA; this individual exhibited a transcription profile suggestive of paternal but inconsistent with maternal inheritance. We found no associations between gender and transcript profiles.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Specific transcription profiles of mitochondrial genes were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in a natural population of a gynodioecious species <it>S. vulgaris</it>.</p> <p>Our findings suggest the potential for a causal association between rearrangements in the plant mt genome and transcription product variation.</p

The first initiative of DNA barcoding of ornamental plants from Egypt and potential applications in horticulture industry

Abstract: DNA barcoding relies on short and standardized gene regions to identify species. The agricultural and horticultural applications of barcoding such as for marketplace regulation and copyright protection remain poorly explored. This study examines the effectiveness of the standard plant barcode markers (matK and rbcL) for the identification of plant species in private and public nurseries in northern Egypt. These two markers were sequenced from 225 specimens of 161 species and 62 plant families of horticultural importance. The sequence recovery was similar for rbcL (96.4%) and matK (84%), but the number of specimens assigned correctly to the respective genera and species was lower for rbcL (75% and 29%) than matK (85% and 40%). The combination of rbcL and matK brought the number of correct generic and species assignments to 83.4% and 40%, respectively. Individually, the efficiency of both markers varied among different plant families; for example, all palm specimens (Arecaceae) were correctly assigned to species while only one individual of Asteraceae was correctly assigned to species. Further, barcodes reliably assigned ornamental horticultural and medicinal plants correctly to genus while they showed a lower or no success in assigning these plants to species and cultivars. For future, we recommend the combination of a complementary barcode (e.g. ITS or trnH-psbA) with rbcL + matK to increase the performance of taxa identification. By aiding species identification of horticultural crops and ornamental palms, the analysis of the barcode regions will have large impact on horticultural industry

Seaweed Extracts Enhance Salam Turfgrass Performance during Prolonged Irrigation Intervals and Saline Shock

The negative effects of the ongoing climate change include unusual prolonged droughts and increased salinity pressures on the agricultural lands. Consequently, crops are facing unprecedented environmental pressure, and this calls for more research toward controlling such major stresses. The current study investigates the effects of seaweed extract sprays of Ascophyllum nodosum (5 and 7 mL·L−1; 6 day intervals) on Paspalum vaginatum Salam' during prolonged irrigation intervals (2 and 6 day) and saline growing conditions (1 and 49.7 dS·m−1) for 6 weeks in containers under greenhouse conditions. Control plants showed reduced turf quality, photochemical efficiency, root length and dry weight, total non-structural carbohydrates, and K and Ca compositions. Seaweed extracts increased turf quality, leaf photochemical efficiency, root length and dry weight, total non-structural carbohydrates, K, Ca, and proline in treated plants during prolonged irrigation intervals as well as saline shock conditions. There were also increases in the antioxidant defensive mechanisms such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and non-enzymatic antioxidants as well as reduced lipid peroxidation. The application of SWE at 7 mL·L−1 showed higher performance in treated plants during prolonged irrigation intervals as well as saline conditions. Our findings imply that several mechanisms including drought tolerance, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense system may interact to enhance the performance of plants in the face of environmental stress following SWE treatments

Malus baccata var. gracilis and Malus toringoides bark polyphenol studies and antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities

Exploring new sources of polyphenols with biological activities that work against human diseases is the target of natural product studies. This study determined the polyphenol composition of the bark of Malus species M. baccata var. gracilis (Rehder) T.C.Ku and M. toringoides (Rehder) Hughes, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial applications of these extracts, as well as the identified phenol, were studied. The HPLC-DAD analysis confirmed three polyphenols in the extracts out of the 21 screened compounds: protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, and catechin. The major constituents in M. baccata and M. toringoides were protocatechuic acid, at 3.16 and 7.15 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ dry weight (DW), respectively, and catechin, at 5.55 and 6.80 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ DW, respectively. M. baccata and M. toringoides bark extracts showed antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), $\beta$-carotene bleaching, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, which were attributed to the dominance of protocatechuic acid. The highest antiproliferative and cytotoxic e ects were against Jurkat cells. Against MCF-7 and Hela cells, there was necrotic cell accumulation in the early apoptotic as well as the late apoptotic phase. The bark extracts showed noticeable antibacterial e ects against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. Protocatechuic acid showed comparable results to bark extracts. There were antifungal effects against Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger, and Candida albicans, and the activities were higher than the commercial reagent. M. baccata and M. toringoides could be considered as a new source of phenolic acids, including protocatechuic acid with anticancer, antibacterial antifungal, and antioxidant-promising effects

Antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of polyphenol extracts from Ferocactus species

Polyphenols, obtained from natural resources, may possess important pharmacological effects. The polyphenolic profiles of the stem extracts of six Ferocactus species (sp.): F. gracilis, F. pottsii, F. herrerae, F. horridus, F. glaucescens, and F. emoryi, were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection (DAD). Additionally, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal activities were examined. Results showed the presence of high to moderate amounts of polyphenols in the extracts (phenolic acids: Protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, cffeic acid, and vanillic acid; flavonoids: Rutoside and quercitrin). The highest amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were found in F. glaucescens ((132.09 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ dry weight (DW)), F. pottsii (75.71 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ DW), and F. emoryi (69.14 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ DW) while rutoside content was highest in F. glaucescens (107.66 mg 100 $g^{-1}$ DW). Maximum antiproliferative activities were observed against HeLa and Jurkat cancer cells, with F. glaucescens, F. emoryi, and F. pottsii showing the highest anticancer activity. Most bacteria were sensitive to Ferocactus sp. stem extracts. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most sensitive. Excellent antifungal effects were observed against Aspergillus ochraceus and A. niger. However, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, and Candida albicans were relatively resistant. This is the first study reporting novel sources of polyphenols in Ferocactus sp. with anticancer and antimicrobial activities

Artemisia absinthium L.-Importance in the history of medicine, the latest advances in phytochemistry and therapeutical, cosmetological and culinary uses

Artemisia absinthium&mdash;wormwood (Asteraceae)&mdash;is a very important species in the history of medicine, formerly described in medieval Europe as &ldquo;the most important master against all exhaustions&rdquo;. It is a species known as a medicinal plant in Europe and also in West Asia and North America. The raw material obtained from this species is Absinthii herba and Artemisiae absinthii aetheroleum. The main substances responsible for the biological activity of the herb are: the essential oil, bitter sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, other bitterness-imparting compounds, azulenes, phenolic acids, tannins and lignans. In the official European medicine, the species is used in both allopathy and homeopathy. In the traditional Asian and European medicine, it has been used as an effective agent in gastrointestinal ailments and also in the treatment of helminthiasis, anaemia, insomnia, bladder diseases, difficult-to-heal wounds, and fever. Today, numerous other directions of biological activity of the components of this species have been demonstrated and confirmed by scientific research, such as antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, procognitive, neurotrophic, and cell membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities. A. absinthium is also making a successful career as a cosmetic plant. In addition, the importance of this species as a spice plant and valuable additive in the alcohol industry (famous absinthe and vermouth-type wines) has not decreased. The species has also become an object of biotechnological research

Polyphenol profile and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of natural Mentha × piperita and Mentha longifolia opulations in northern Saudi Arabia

New sources of polyphenols with anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in arid environments are critical for the development of alternative medicines and natural remedies. This study explored the polyphenol profiles and biological activities of methanolic leaf extracts from natural Mentha × piperita and Mentha longifolia populations in northern Saudi Arabia. Chromatographic analyses identified several polyphenols in M. × piperita including phenolic acids: rosmarinic acid (1547.6 mg/100 g DW (dry weight)), cryptochlorogenic acid (91.7 mg/100 g DW), and chlorogenic acid (69.4 mg/100 g DW), as well as flavonoids: naringin (328.8 mg/100 g DW) and cynaroside (162.8 mg/100 g DW). The major polyphenols in M. longifolia were: rosmarinic acid (781.6 mg/100 g DW), cryptochlorogenic acid (191.1 mg/100 g DW), p-coumaric acid (113.0 mg/100 g DW), m-coumaric acid (112.2 mg/100 g DW), and chlorogenic acid (63.8 mg/100 g DW). M. × piperita and M. longifolia leaf extracts had high antioxidant activities due to the major polyphenols (cynaroside, rosmarinic and cryptochlorogenic acids). M. × piperita had higher activities against di erent cancer cells than M. longifolia. Naringin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid had the highest activities against cancer cells. The leaf extracts had antibacterial e ects against most bacteria species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most sensitive), which was attributed to the polyphenols. Antifungal activities were similarly broad (Aspergillus flavus was most sensitive) and attributed to naringin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and ca eic acid. Populations of M. × piperita and M. longifolia in Northern Riyadh may be a valuable source of natural biologically active compounds