A REVIEW ON ANTI-DIABETIC DIET IN AYURVEDA CLASSICS

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type2 DM) is affecting millions of people globally it is estimated that 425 million people (20–79 years of age) suffer from DM. Complications of DM can be simply prevented through lifestyle modifications and dietary interventions with good glycemic control. Aim and Objectives: This literal review is to compile whether standard Ayurveda Classics adequately mention the details of Anti Diabetic Diet (Padhyapadhyas in Pramehi). Life style modification and dietary interventions are remarkable in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ayurvedic literature also. In this article review of Ayurvedic classical literatures is done to compile and analyze diabetic diet and its applications in detail. Materials and Methods: Standard textbooks of Ayurveda especially Bruhathrayis- Soothrasthanas and Chikitsasthanas of Ashtangahrudayam by Vagbhata, Charaka Samhitha by Punarvasu Athreya and Susrutha Samhitha by Lord Dhanwanthari, were analyzed to make conclusions on diabetic diet regimes to control Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Results:-Dietary advises given in Ayurveda classics are in a systematic way from cereals to different food items which can be utilized for diet plan in Type II Diabetes Mellitus with the help of current knowledge of glycemic index and glycemic load. Conclusion: This review article concentrates on the needy and uniform source of information regarding Anti-diabetic diet. On the base of this review conclusions were made on Ayurvedic dietary interventions in diabetes to get better results

IN VITRO ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY OF KASHAYA OF SIDA CORDIFOLIA LINN.

Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints. It is very common condition especially in women and older people. Ayurveda has contributed a lot for the management of arthritic conditions. The plant Bala, identified as Sida cordifolia Linn. is a widely used drug in many of the Ayurvedic formulations especially in those for arthritic conditions. Kashaya (decoction) is one of the commonly prescribed preparations in Ayurveda. Present study was aimed to assess the anti-arthritic activity of Kashaya (decoction) of root of Sida cordifolia Linn. by inhibition of protein denaturation method and Inhibition of proteinase enzyme activity. Kashaya of roots of Bala was prepared as per standard procedure and was used to induce protein denaturation in Bovine serum albumin and to inhibit the activity of proteinase enzyme, trypsin. The absorbance was read by spectrophotometer to evaluate the percentage of inhibition in both the procedures. Each experiment was done in triplicates. The results were compared with standard drug Diclofenac sodium. Sida cordifolia Linn. showed dose dependent inhibitory activity and highest activity was seen in 500µg/ml concentration in both the experiments. The result showed that root of Sida cordifolia Linn. is having anti-arthritic property. Further studies can be carried out with other formulations of Bala like Choorna (powder), Swarasa (juice) etc. to compare their anti-arthritic activity. The study supports the classical use of plant Bala in various formulations in the treatment of arthritis

PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF MATSYAKSHI [ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS (LINN.) R.Br]

Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R.Br. is a plant that  belongs to the family Amaranthaceae.  This species has a huge global range, including both native and introduced distribution. The plant has been widely used by the ethnic population for food and medicine. The plant has been mentioned in Ayurvedic classics by the name Matsyakshi. The plant is also observed to be an ingredient in the some of the formulations indicated for urinary system pathologies, in Chikitsamanjari, Yogamruta and some other traditional Ayurvedic texts in Kerala. The quality control of herbal crude drugs and their bioconstituents is of paramount importance in justifying their acceptability. The crude drugs can be identified systematically on the basis of their morphological, histological, chemical, physical and biological studies. The aim of the study is to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R.Br. Pharmacognostical evaluation of the plant Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. was done by studying the macroscopic and microscopic features of leaf, stem and root of the plant. The preliminary phytochemical analysis including quantitative data, qualitative chemical analysis, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy were determined. Various pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical characters observed in this may help in standardization, identification and carrying out further research in Alternanthera sessilis (linn.)R.Br

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF TENDER AND MATURE LEAVES OF MANGIFERA INDICA LINN.

Amrapallava, which is identified as tender leaves of mango tree (Mangifera indica Linn) are used for various ailments in Ayurvedic system of medicine since ancient time. But there is no scientific data is available on different maturity levels of leaves for therapeutic use. Hence the present study compared the Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical standards of the leaves of Mangifera indica Linn at different maturity. Macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical, TLC, HPTLC and AAS tests were done as per the standard procedure described in Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India. Among the macroscopic characteristics, the colour of tender leaves of Mangifera indica Linn is pinkish, amber or pale green colour while that of mature leaves having dark green colour. Texture of tender and mature leaves of Mangifera indica Linn was thin leathery and coriacious respectively. In transverse section the resin canal was more in mature leaves of mango tree. Tetrahedral prismatic crystals are present in tender leaves which is absent in mature leaves. The percentage of water soluble extractive and fibre content was comparatively more in mature leaves. Steroids were absent in both tender and mature leaves. Percentage of Phenolic content was more in mature leaves, and there is no other marked variation in all other parameters

HYPOGLYCAEMIC EFFECT OF LEAF DECOCTION OF PANASA [ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM] IN TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS- A CLINICAL STUDY

Panasa (Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam.), the well known jackfruit tree, is a tree with wide ethnomedicinal uses. It is a drug used by the traditional Ayurveda physicians of Kerala for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycaemic effect of leaves of Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam. is experimentally proven through in vitro and in vivo studies. Estimates shows that by the year 2025, the number of people suffering from diabetes in the world will be 350 million, of which 70 million will be in India. As diabetic patients have to take lifelong medication the medicines chosen should be safe, cost effective and free from side effects. So it is the need of the hour to find out a safer and cost effective medicine for diabetes. The present study is on the hypoglycemic effect of leaf decoction of Panasa (Atrocarpus hetrophyllus Lam.) in type 2 diabetic patients. The clinical trial was undertaken as a before and after trial with 30 patients for a period of 30 days. The trial drug showed a highly significant effect in reducing the Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS, P<0.001), Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS, P=0.001) & total cholesterol (P<0.001). Also it showed a significant role in relieving associated symptoms like Polyuria, polyphagia, Polydipsia, lassitude, joint pain, excessive sweating and dryness of mouth. This study throws light into the scope of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam in future researches as it is a drug available in various parts of the world, which is cost effective and proven to be safe for diabetes mellitus

A CRITICAL AYURVEDIC LITERARY REVIEW OF THE PLANT PANASA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM.)

Panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam), the well known jackfruit tree is widely distributed all over the world. It is a treasure trove of various ethnomedical uses which are yet to be proven scientifically. Its fruit is very delicious and its leaves, root, latex, seed and wood are reported to have many medicinal properties. Though the plant is renowned for its nutritive values, the useful parts of the plant with rich medicinal values are less utilized for medicinal purposes. The plant is well described in Ayurvedic classics where prime importance has been given to its fruit whereas least references are available concerned to its other useful parts especially the leaf. This forms the literature gap concerned with this drug that hinders its further clinical researches. A compiled review of the classical literature of Panasa is not yet available as a ready reference. Hence it is a herculean task for the researcher to compile the literature which is scattered in various classical books of different era. In this work focus has been made to compile the literature of the plant Panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) from the Ayurvedic classics. As this work provides the literature of this plant under a single roof it will be helpful for the scholars in future research works

Rasanirdharana (Assessment of Taste) of an Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug - Cissus Latifolia Lam.

Ayurveda literatures include the descriptions of many drugs in terms of their names, properties and therapeutic usage. But there are many drugs, despite their medicinal value and wide usage among ethnic groups, left unrecorded in the classical texts. These drugs are generally termed as Anukta dravya. Action of Anukta dravya can be explained with its rasapanchaka viz. Rasa (taste), Guna (quality), Veerya (potency), Vipaka (transformation) and Prabhava (special action). Among these attributes of a drug, Rasa is the only parameter which can be assessed by direct perception. Cissus latifolia Lam. is an extra-pharmacopoeial drug with several ethnomedicinal claims. So the Rasa analysis of Cissus latifolia Lam. was done in 30 volunteers using a structured questionnaire. On analysing the data, it was found to have Kashaya rasa (astringent) and Tikta anurasa (bitter)

Antihyperglycemic effects of Amrtottara Kvatha, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppressing oxidative stress

Amrtottara Kvatha [KNM3] (AK) is a widely used Ayurvedic preparation, primarily utilized for hyperpyrexia (‘Jwara’). In the present study we evaluated the antidiabetic effect of AK against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic murine model. The effects of AK on normoglycemic rats and glucose tolerance were also studied. The antidiabetic effect of AK was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats. AK was administered orally at four doses AK (1/4), AK (1/2), AK (T) and AK (DD) for fourteen days to examine the antidiabetic activity with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) as reference standard. The effect of AK on blood glucose and insulin levels, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological examinations were studied. Oral administration of AK at doses AK (1/4), AK (1/2), AK (T) and AK (DD) to rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes showed significant (P<0.01) decrease in blood glucose levels with improved insulin levels, liver glycogen and pancreatic protein content. The oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products) were reduced in all AK treated groups with a significant (P<0.01) increase in antioxidant enzyme status. Histopathological studies also supported the findings. The present study reports for the first time the antidiabetic effects of Amrtottara Kvatha by suppressing oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats.