Is Lactoferrin More Effective in Reducing Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Neonates Fed Formula Than in Those Receiving Mother's Own Milk? Secondary Analyses of Two Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Lactoferrin is the major antimicrobial protein in human milk. In our randomized controlled trial (RCT) of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) supplementation in preterm neonates, BLF reduced late-onset sepsis (LOS). Mother's own milk (MM) contains higher concentrations of lactoferrin than donor milk or formula, but whether BLF is more effective in infants who receive formula or donor milk is uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the incidence of LOS in preterm infants fed MM and in those fed formula and/or donor milk. Study Design: This is a (A) post hoc subgroup analysis, in our RCT of BLF, of its effects in preterm infants fed MM, with or without formula, versus those fed formula and/or donor milk (no-MM) and (B) post hoc meta-analysis, in our RCT of BLF and in the ELFIN (Enteral Lactoferrin in Neonates) RCT, of the effect of BLF in subgroups not exclusively fed MM. Results (A) Of 472 infants in our RCT, 168 were randomized to placebo and 304 were randomized to BLF. Among MM infants, LOS occurred in 22/133 (16.5%) infants randomized to placebo and in 14/250 (5.6%) randomized to BLF (relative risk or risk ratio (RR): 0.34; relative risk reduction (RRR): 0.66; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for RR: 0.18-0.64; p < 0.0008). Among no-MM infants, LOS occurred in 7/35 (20.0%) randomized to placebo and in 2/54 (3.7%) randomized to BLF (RR: 0.19; RRR: 0.81; 95% CI for RR: 0.16-0.96; p = 0.026). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, there was no interaction between BLF treatment effect and type of feeding (p = 0.628). (B) In 1,891 infants not exclusively fed MM in our RCT of BLF and in the ELFIN RCT, BLF reduced the RR of LOS by 18% (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.96; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Adequately powered studies should address the hypothesis that BLF is more effective in infants fed formula or donor milk than those fed MM. Such studies should evaluate whether a specific threshold of total lactoferrin intake can be identified to protect such patients from LOS

The German Public and Its Trust in the ECB: The Role of Knowledge and Information Search

In this paper, we analyse the effects of objective and subjective knowledge about monetary policy, as well as the information search patterns, of German citizens on trust in the ECB. We rely on a unique representative public opinion survey of German households conducted in 2011. We find that subjective and factual knowledge, as well as the desire to be informed, about the ECB foster citizens trust. Specific knowledge about the ECB is more influential than general monetary policy knowledge. Objective knowledge is more important than subjective knowledge. However, an increasing intensity of media usage, especially newspaper reading, has a significantly negative influence on trust. We conclude that the only viable way for the ECB to generate more trust in itself is to spread monetary policy knowledge

How expectations became governable: institutional change and the performative power of central banks

Central banks have accumulated unparalleled power over the conduct of macroeconomic policy. Key for this development was the articulation and differentiation of monetary policy as a distinct policy domain. While political economists emphasize the foundational institutional changes that enabled this development, recent performativity-studies focus on central bankers’ invention of expectation management techniques. In line with a few other works, this article aims to bring these two aspects together. The key argument is that, over the last few decades, central banks have identified different strategies to assume authority over “expectational politics” and reinforced dominant institutional forces within them. I introduce a comparative scheme to distinguish two different expectational governance regimes. My own empirical investigation focuses on a monetarist regime that emerged from corporatist contexts, where central banks enjoyed “embedded autonomy” and where commercial banks maintained conservative reserve management routines. I further argue that innovations towards inflation targeting took place in countries with non-existent or disintegrating corporatist structures and where central banks turned to finance to establish a different version of expectation coordination. A widespread adoption of this “financialized” expectational governance has been made possible by broader processes of institutional convergence that were supported by central bankers themselves

Evaluation of body surface temperature variations in dogs affected by spinal cord injuries during physiotherapy exercise in a water treadmill

The aim this study was to evaluate variation in body surface temperature (BST) in healthy and spinal cord injured (SCI) dogs, and to outline temperature variation at rest (T0), during (T1) and after (T2) water-treadmill physiotherapy sessions in SCI using infrared thermography (IRT). Sixty-seven dogs of different sex, breed, body weight and age were enrolled: 14 healthy dogs and 53 dogs affected by disc pathologies. The study examined three regions of interest (ROIs): the total image of the spine (IMAGE), the spinal cord area from 1st thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra (AR01) and the surgery wound or spinal cord lesion area (AR02). Significant BST variations between healthy and SCI were reported in T°max and T°max-min (ΔT) values in IMAGE (P < 0.05). In SCI group, AR01 and AR02 assessment showed an increase in temperature ate the sited of the injured area and adjacent body structures. In SCI, a significant effect of water-treadmill exercise in AR01 and AR02 was reported. In fact, both AR01 and AR02 reported higher BST (T°max, T°mean, T°min and ΔT) during the physical exercise (T1), representing the response to physical activity of the spine vascularization, muscles and column contiguous tissues. Furthermore, in T2, the same areas reported a significant lower BST (T°max, T°mean, and ΔT), related to a decrease in tissue inflammation on the target area of the water treadmill physiotherapy. This study highlights how IRT can detect BST variations associated with injured areas. In addition, IRT revealed a positive effect of water-treadmill exercise on the injured spinal cord areas, thus it could be a viable non-invasive and rapid method to support both clinical examination and assessment of the effectiveness of medical treatment in SCI

Synthesis and characterization of peptide-imprinted nanogels of controllable size and affinity

Molecularly imprinted polymeric nanogels (nanoMIPs) are soft biomimetics with recognition properties similar to antibodies but robustness and integrability to devices (sensing, assays) typical of polymers. Aiming at tailor-made at-will the recognition and physical properties of these biomimetics, we investigated the process of stamping analytes of clinical relevance, i.e. an idiotipic peptide of Troponin I, on protein-compatible soft-material at the nanoscale. Highly crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation polymerization via free radical initiation. The influence of the monomer composition to the nanogel hydrodynamic size was observed by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the total monomers to template (TM:T) molar ratio on the formation of the binding sites was investigated thermodynamically. Results indicate rules for the manipulation of the nanogel sizes, showing the pivotal role of hydrophobic interactions in confining the polymerization to the nanoscale (∼60 nm). The efficacy of the stamping process in the chosen polymerization conditions resulted maximal for TM:T molar ratios in the range 175:1–437:1. NanoMIPs with nanomolar dissociation constants for the template and a mean number of one binding site per particle were produced. Overall the results set conditions for preparing synthetic recognition nanoparticles acting as peptide-recognition elements

Pai syndrome: a further report of a case with bifid nose, lipoma, and agenesis of the corpus callosum

Introduction Pai syndrome is a rare genetic disorder mainly characterized by the association of complete median cleft of palate and upper lip, midline facial cutaneous, and mid-anterior alveolar process polyps, duplicated maxillary median frenulum, bifid nose, and midline lipoma(s) of the central nervous system, in particular, the corpus callosum. The incidence of this syndrome is much higher in males than in females. The etiology remains unknown: The syndrome may be associated with autosomal-dominant inheritance, but X-linked recessive inheritance could not be excluded. DiscussionA de novo apparently balanced reciprocal traslocation, 46,X,t(X;16) has been described in a 13-year-old girl with median cleft of the upper lip, pedunculated skin masses on the nasal septum, short stature, and mental retardation. We describe a new case that presents the main clinical features associated with bifid nose, lipoma, and partial agenesis of corpus callosum