Endovascular Therapy in the Extended Time Window for Large Vessel Occlusion in Patients With Pre-Stroke Disability.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We compared the outcomes of endovascular therapy (EVT) in an extended time window in patients with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) between patients with and without pre-stroke disability. METHODS In this prespecified analysis of the multinational CT for Late Endovascular Reperfusion study (66 participating sites, 10 countries between 2014 and 2022), we analyzed data from patients with acute ischemic stroke with a pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-4 and LVO who underwent EVT 6-24 hours from the time last seen well. The primary outcome was the composite of functional independence (FI; mRS score 0-2) or return to the pre-stroke mRS score (return of Rankin, RoR) at 90 days. Outcomes were compared between patients with pre-stroke disability (pre-stroke mRS score 2-4) and those without (mRS score 0-1). RESULTS A total of 2,231 patients (median age, 72 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 16) were included in the present analysis. Of these, 564 (25%) had pre-stroke disability. The primary outcome (FI or RoR) was observed in 30.7% of patients with pre-stroke disability (FI, 16.5%; RoR, 30.7%) compared to 44.1% of patients without (FI, 44.1%; RoR, 13.0%) (P<0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis with inverse probability of treatment weighting, pre-stroke disability was not associated with significantly lower odds of achieving FI or RoR (adjusted odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.43-1.25). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 6.3% of both groups (P=0.995). CONCLUSION A considerable proportion of patients with late-presenting LVO and pre-stroke disability regained pre-stroke mRS scores after EVT. EVT may be appropriate for patients with pre-stroke disability presenting in the extended time window

Responses of poplar submitted to combined stresses, ozone and drought : dynamics of stomatal conductance and foliar antioxidant capacities

Les modèles climatiques indiquent qu’il est très probable que les végétaux soient de plus en plus exposés à deux facteurs de stress environnementaux : l’ozone troposphérique (O3) et le déficit hydrique du sol, tous deux pouvant provoquer un stress oxydant pour le végétal. Dans des conditions naturelles, ces deux facteurs peuvent être concomitants ou se succéder. L’impact de l’O3 et de la sécheresse nécessite donc une attention particulière. Afin de déterminer les réponses de défense mises en place par les arbres, deux génotypes de Populus nigra x deltoides (Carpaccio et Robusta) ont été exposés aux contraintes séparées ou à leur combinaison en conditions contrôlées dans des chambres de culture. Pour explorer les effets des stress et l’interaction entre les deux contraintes, nous avons ciblé les deux premiers niveaux de défense des plantes que sont le contrôle de l’ouverture/fermeture des stomates et les processus de détoxication cellulaire. Nos résultats montrent que Carpaccio et Robusta sont tous deux relativement tolérants à une sécheresse modérée grâce à un contrôle efficient des stomates. Face à l’O3, cependant, les deux génotypes adoptent des stratégies de réponse différentes : un évitement important pour Carpaccio et une maximisation de l’assimilation au détriment des feuilles pour Robusta. Cela se traduit par une différence de fermeture des stomates. Les deux génotypes ne font alors pas face au même flux d’O3 entrant dans les feuilles, ce qui impacte la détoxication cellulaire, dans laquelle le glutathion semble jouer un rôle majeur. En lien avec les modifications de capacité antioxydante, l’activité des enzymes du cycle ascorbate-glutathion (MDHAR, DHAR et GR) et/ou l’expression des gènes codant pour ces protéines sont modifiées. En combinaison de stress, le déficit hydrique protège le végétal du stress oxydant induit par l’O3 en amplifiant la fermeture des stomates. En revanche, la croissance de l’arbre est impactée par l’effet additif des deux contraintes. De plus, l’induction de voies de régulation hormonales différentes par les deux contraintes pourrait modifier le « cross-talk » complexe régulant la réponse au stress combiné. Enfin, dans le cas d’une succession de stress, l’exposition à l’O3 avant un épisode de sécheresse impacte faiblement la réponse de l’arbre. Cependant, un ralentissement de la fermeture des stomates induit par l’O3 est observé malgré l’arrêt de la fumigation. Il est donc nécessaire de prendre en compte le ralentissement et la fermeture des stomates induit par l’O3 et le déficit hydrique dans les modèles de conductance stomatique utilisés pour calculer l’indicateur du flux d’O3 entrant, le PODy (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of y nmol O3 m-2.s-1).Climate models indicate that it is very likely that plants will be more and more exposed to two environmental stressors: ground-level ozone (O3) and soil water deficit, both causing oxidative stress to the plant. Under natural conditions, these two factors can be concomitant or successive. Therefore, the impact of O3 and drought requires special attention. In order to determine the defensive responses adopted by trees, two genotypes of Populus nigra x deltoides (Carpaccio and Robusta) were exposed to separate or combined stresses under controlled conditions in growing chambers. To explore the effects of stresses and their interaction, we targeted the plant’s first two levels of defence: i) the control of stomatal opening and closing, ii) the cellular detoxification processes. Our results show that both Carpaccio and Robusta are relatively tolerant to moderate drought thanks to an efficient stomatal control. However, different response strategies were adopted by the two genotypes to cope with O3. For Carpaccio, the strategy is avoidance, and for Robusta, the strategy is maximization of net CO2 assimilation at the expense of leaves. This results in a difference in the stomatal closure. The two genotypes do not face the same flow of O3 entering the leaves. This impacts cellular detoxification in which glutathione seems to play a major role. Also, the activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR and GR) and/or the expression of genes encoding these proteins are modified. Under combined stresses, the water deficit protects the plant from the O3-induced oxidative stress by amplifying the stomatal closure. Nevertheless, the tree growth is impacted by the additive effect of the two stresses. Furthermore, the induction of different hormonal regulatory pathways by the two stressors could modify the complex "cross-talk" regulating the response to combined stress. Finally, in the case of a succession of stresses, exposure to O3 prior to a drought episode has a weak impact on the tree's response. However, O3 induced a stomatal sluggishness in closure despite the cessation of fumigation. It is therefore necessary to take into account stomatal closure and sluggishness induced by O3 and water deficit in the stomatal conductance models used to calculate the indicator of O3 flux inside the leaves, PODy (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of y nmol O3 m-2.s-1)

Conséquences d’un faux-printemps sur la croissance des arbres

Article de presse interne INRAE ARAMieux connaître les réponses d’un arbre aux variations de température sur ses différentes parties ou à des accidents thermiques est l’objet d’un projet mené par des chercheurs de l’UMR PIAF qui a débuté ce printemps. Cette unité travaille sur les déterminants physiques et physiologiques du fonctionnement et du développement des arbres dans un contexte de changement climatique. Parmi les conditions environnementales, la température (dont les épisodes gélifs), les précipitations et le vent sont des variables dont l’amplitude va s’accroitre dans les décennies à venir en conséquence du changement climatique. La résilience des arbres à ces évènements extrêmes devient alors un enjeu crucial

Réponses du peuplier soumis à une combinaison de contraintes, ozone et sécheresse : dynamique de la conductance stomatique et des capacités antioxydantes foliaires

Climate models indicate that it is very likely that plants will be more and more exposed to two environmental stressors: ground-level ozone (O3) and soil water deficit, both causing oxidative stress to the plant. Under natural conditions, these two factors can be concomitant or successive. Therefore, the impact of O3 and drought requires special attention. In order to determine the defensive responses adopted by trees, two genotypes of Populus nigra x deltoides (Carpaccio and Robusta) were exposed to separate or combined stresses under controlled conditions in growing chambers. To explore the effects of stresses and their interaction, we targeted the plant’s first two levels of defence: i) the control of stomatal opening and closing, ii) the cellular detoxification processes. Our results show that both Carpaccio and Robusta are relatively tolerant to moderate drought thanks to an efficient stomatal control. However, different response strategies were adopted by the two genotypes to cope with O3. For Carpaccio, the strategy is avoidance, and for Robusta, the strategy is maximization of net CO2 assimilation at the expense of leaves. This results in a difference in the stomatal closure. The two genotypes do not face the same flow of O3 entering the leaves. This impacts cellular detoxification in which glutathione seems to play a major role. Also, the activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR and GR) and/or the expression of genes encoding these proteins are modified. Under combined stresses, the water deficit protects the plant from the O3-induced oxidative stress by amplifying the stomatal closure. Nevertheless, the tree growth is impacted by the additive effect of the two stresses. Furthermore, the induction of different hormonal regulatory pathways by the two stressors could modify the complex "cross-talk" regulating the response to combined stress. Finally, in the case of a succession of stresses, exposure to O3 prior to a drought episode has a weak impact on the tree's response. However, O3 induced a stomatal sluggishness in closure despite the cessation of fumigation. It is therefore necessary to take into account stomatal closure and sluggishness induced by O3 and water deficit in the stomatal conductance models used to calculate the indicator of O3 flux inside the leaves, PODy (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of y nmol O3 m-2.s-1).Les modèles climatiques indiquent qu’il est très probable que les végétaux soient de plus en plus exposés à deux facteurs de stress environnementaux : l’ozone troposphérique (O3) et le déficit hydrique du sol, tous deux pouvant provoquer un stress oxydant pour le végétal. Dans des conditions naturelles, ces deux facteurs peuvent être concomitants ou se succéder. L’impact de l’O3 et de la sécheresse nécessite donc une attention particulière. Afin de déterminer les réponses de défense mises en place par les arbres, deux génotypes de Populus nigra x deltoides (Carpaccio et Robusta) ont été exposés aux contraintes séparées ou à leur combinaison en conditions contrôlées dans des chambres de culture. Pour explorer les effets des stress et l’interaction entre les deux contraintes, nous avons ciblé les deux premiers niveaux de défense des plantes que sont le contrôle de l’ouverture/fermeture des stomates et les processus de détoxication cellulaire. Nos résultats montrent que Carpaccio et Robusta sont tous deux relativement tolérants à une sécheresse modérée grâce à un contrôle efficient des stomates. Face à l’O3, cependant, les deux génotypes adoptent des stratégies de réponse différentes : un évitement important pour Carpaccio et une maximisation de l’assimilation au détriment des feuilles pour Robusta. Cela se traduit par une différence de fermeture des stomates. Les deux génotypes ne font alors pas face au même flux d’O3 entrant dans les feuilles, ce qui impacte la détoxication cellulaire, dans laquelle le glutathion semble jouer un rôle majeur. En lien avec les modifications de capacité antioxydante, l’activité des enzymes du cycle ascorbate-glutathion (MDHAR, DHAR et GR) et/ou l’expression des gènes codant pour ces protéines sont modifiées. En combinaison de stress, le déficit hydrique protège le végétal du stress oxydant induit par l’O3 en amplifiant la fermeture des stomates. En revanche, la croissance de l’arbre est impactée par l’effet additif des deux contraintes. De plus, l’induction de voies de régulation hormonales différentes par les deux contraintes pourrait modifier le « cross-talk » complexe régulant la réponse au stress combiné. Enfin, dans le cas d’une succession de stress, l’exposition à l’O3 avant un épisode de sécheresse impacte faiblement la réponse de l’arbre. Cependant, un ralentissement de la fermeture des stomates induit par l’O3 est observé malgré l’arrêt de la fumigation. Il est donc nécessaire de prendre en compte le ralentissement et la fermeture des stomates induit par l’O3 et le déficit hydrique dans les modèles de conductance stomatique utilisés pour calculer l’indicateur du flux d’O3 entrant, le PODy (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of y nmol O3 m-2.s-1)

Faux printemps, quelles conséquences sur la croissance d’un arbre ?

article grand public site INRAEDes travaux réalisés en conditions expérimentales ont permis de mieux comprendre comment l’arbre réagit aux gels tardifs, tant au niveau de ses branches que de son architecture générale. Un sujet d’étude particulièrement d’actualité au regard du dérèglement climatique et de ses conséquences qui se font sentir un peu plus chaque année

Detecting dormancy dynamics in woody plants by characterizing hydraulic connectivity between stem and bud

International audienc

Feedback of intracrown temperature heterogeneity on vulnerability to frost

International audienceTrees are exposed to large spatio-temporal thermal variation. Temperature heterogeneity can induce intracrown discrepancies in the onset and the dynamic of primary and secondary growth and, furthermore, in meristem frost resistance. In late spring, freezing events could be more detrimental to the southern part of the tree, which is likely to exhibit advanced growth and reduced frost resistance. Would intracrown thermal heterogeneity have lagged effects on tree growth and thus modify tree crown shape? Are there compensatory mechanisms between branches at the crown level during the growing season?We conducted a differential heating experiment on young Juglans regia trees in greenhouse. From February to August, the average difference in temperature during the day between heated and unheated parts was 4°C. We explored the responses between heated and control parts in primary (budburst date through visual observation and time lapse photography) and secondary growth (through Linear Variable Differential Transformer measurements and cytological analysis). Physiological changes in relative water content and soluble carbohydrates were also measured in buds and branches. Bud burst occurs two weeks earlier in heated branches. The difference between heated and control branches as well as the synchronism between budburst and secondary growth were explored. On a subset of trees, a controlled freezing event was performed to assess the effect of a false spring event. Preliminary results show a frost dehardening difference and no compensatory mechanisms at tree scale, without synchronism between primary and secondary growth

Temperature heterogeneity at crown scale possible impact on tree architecture after late spring frost

International audienc

Integrated analysis of the detoxification responses of two Euramerican poplar genotypes exposed to ozone and water deficit: Focus on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle

Ozone (O-3) and drought increase tree oxidative stress. To protect forest health, we need to improve risk assessment, using metric model such as the phytotoxic O-3 dose above a threshold of y nmol.m(-2).s(-1) (PODy), while taking into account detoxification mechanisms and interacting stresses. The impact of drought events on the effect of O-3 pollution deserves special attention. Water deficit may decrease O-3 entrance into the leaves by reducing stomatal opening; however, water deficit also induces changes in cell redox homeostasis. Besides, the behaviour of the cell antioxidative charge in case of stress combination (water deficit and O-3) still remains poorly investigated. To decipher the response of detoxification mechanisms relatively to the Halliwell-Asada-Foyer cycle (HAF), we exposed poplar saplings (Populus nigra x deltoides) composed of two genotypes (Carpaccio and Robusta), to various treatments for 17 days, i.e. i) mild water deficit, ii) 120 ppb O-3, and iii) a combination of these two treatments. Ozone similarly impacted the growth of the two genotypes, with an important leaf loss. Water deficit decreased growth by almost one third as compared to the control plants. As for the combined treatment, water deficit protected the saplings from leaf ozone injury, but with an inhibitory effect on growth. The pool of total ascorbate was not modified by the different treatments, while the pool of total glutathione increased with POD0. We noticed a few differences between the two genotypes, particularly concerning the activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase relatively to POD0. The expression profiles of genes coding for the dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase isoforms differed, probably in link with the putative localisation of ROS production in response to water deficit and ozone, respectively. Our result would argue for a major role of MDHAR, GR and glutathione in the preservation of the redox status. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Altered stomatal dynamics of two Euramerican poplar genotypes submitted to successive ozone exposure and water deficit

The impact of ozone (O3) pollution events on the plant drought response needs special attention because spring O3 episodes are often followed by summer drought. By causing stomatal sluggishness, O3 could affect the stomatal dynamic during a subsequent drought event. In this context, we studied the impact of O3 exposure and water deficit (in the presence or in the absence of O3 episode) on the stomatal closure/opening mechanisms relative to irradiance or vapour pressure deficit (VPD) variation. Two genotypes of Populus nigra x deltoides were exposed to various treatments for 21 days. Saplings were exposed to 80 ppb/day O3 for 13 days, and then to moderate drought for 7 days. The curves of the stomatal response to irradiance and VPD changes were determined after 13 days of O3 exposure, and after 21 days in the case of subsequent water deficit, and then fitted using a sigmoidal model. The main responses under O3 exposure were stomatal closure and sluggishness, but the two genotypes showed contrasting responses. During stomatal closure induced by a change in irradiance, closure was slower for both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotypes differed in stomatal opening under light. Carpaccio stomata opened more slowly than control stomata, whereas Robusta stomata tended to open faster. These effects could be of particular interest, as stomatal impairment was still present after O3 exposure and could result from imperfect recovery. Under water deficit alone, we observed slower stomatal closure in response to VPD and irradiance, but faster stomatal opening in response to irradiance, more marked in Carpaccio. Under the combined treatment, most of the parameters showed antagonistic responses. Our results highlight that it is important to take genotype-specific responses and interactive stress cross-talk into account to improve the prediction of stomatal conductance in response to various environmental modifications