Relationship of work and speed to the heat-production associated with muscular activity in man, and their influence on efficiency

The heat -production calculated from the respiratory exchange is found to vary directly with the work -done, and the rate of increase of the heat - production increases as the work is made greater. This relationship is shewn graphically and it is also expressed by the formula H = a + 2.8 W + 0.3 W².The heat -production therefore is divided into two parts, of which one part (2.8 W + 0.3 W²) is related to the work -done and the other has no connection with it. This division is compared with the two fractions of the heat -production previously described by Macdonald. Agreement also has been found between the data given in the text and the published data of other workers on this subject.The heat -production unconnected with the work, i.e. the term 'α' in the above formula, is found to vary with the speed at which the movement was made: the precise relationship being shewn graphically and also expressed by the formula a = α + ß R², where 'a' represents the heat-production unconnected with the work, 'R' is the speed, ß is a coefficient of the speed which for this 'Subject' has a value of .00038 and 'α' is the resting -heat, which corresponds in value with the measured heat -production when the Subject sits at rest on the bicycle.It is pointed out in the text, that this relationship between heat -production and speed, was not obtained from the data published by other Investigators. This difference however is believed to be explained by the large and heavily weighted back -wheel of the bicycle used in this research which causes it to act as a fly wheel, resulting in more even rotation of the pedals.Gross and net-efficiencies (Benedict and Cathcart), calculated from these data, shew diminishing values as the speed is increased; but increasing values as the work -done becomes greater. No evidence of a maximal efficiency was discovered.The Incremental Efficiency (Macdonald), also obtained from these data, gives values exhibiting only small variations from a mean figure of .33. The efficiency therefore for the 'Subject' employed in this research may be given approximately as 33%

The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update

Studies conducted since the late 1970s have estimated the net energy value (NEV) of corn ethanol. However, variations in data and assumptions used among the studies have resulted in a wide range of estimates. This study identifies the factors causing this wide variation and develops a more consistent estimate. We conclude that the NEV of corn ethanol has been rising over time due to technological advances in ethanol conversion and increased efficiency in farm production. We show that corn ethanol is energy efficient as indicated by an energy output:input ratio of 1.34.ethanol, net energy balance, corn production, energy, Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PETROLEUM DIESEL IN A STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENT

Policy makers should consider price volatility effects when determining appropriate spending levels for alternative fuel programs.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

BIODIESEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PETROLEUM DIESEL IN A STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENT

The objective of the research presented in this paper is the development of a stochastic adoption threshold. The option pricing approach for modeling investment under uncertainty is extended for the case of comparing two stochastic input prices associated with inputs that are perfect substitutes in a production process. Based on this methodology, a threshold decision rule influenced by the drift and volatility of these two input prices is developed. Theoretical results established an empirical link for measuring the tradeoff of a relatively more expensive input (biodiesel) with lower price drift and volatility compared with a lower but more volatile priced input (petroleum diesel).option pricing, production, renewable fuels, technology adoption under uncertainty, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Grouping Individual Investment Preferences in Retirement Savings: A Cluster Analysis of a USS Members Risk Attitude Survey

Cluster analysis is used to identify homogeneous groups of members of USS in terms of risk attitudes. There are two distinct clusters of members in their 40s and 50s. One had previously ‘engaged’ with USS by making additional voluntary contributions. It typically had higher pay, longer tenure, less interest in ethical investing, lower risk capacity, a higher percentage of males, and a higher percentage of academics than members of the ‘disengaged’ cluster. Conditioning only on the attitude to risk responses, there are 18 clusters, with similar but not identical membership, depending on which clustering method is used. The differences in risk aversion across the 18 clusters could be explained largely by differences in the percentage of females and the percentage of couples. Risk aversion increases as the percentage of females in the cluster increases, while it reduces as the percentage of couples increases because of greater risk sharing within the household. Characteristics that other studies have found important determinants of risk attitudes, such as age, income and (pension) wealth, do not turn out to be as significant for USS members. Further, despite being on average more highly educated than the general population, USS members are marginally more risk averse than the general population, controlling for salary, although the difference is not significant

One size fits all: How many default funds does a pension scheme need?

In this paper, we analyse the number of default investment funds appropriate for an occupational defined contribution pension scheme. Using a unique dataset of member risk attitudes and characteristics from a survey of a large UK pension scheme, we apply cluster analysis to identify two distinct groups of members in their 40s and 50s. Further analysis indicated that the risk attitudes of the two groups were not significantly different, allowing us to conclude that a single lifestyle default fund is appropriate

Factoring out the parallelism effect in ellipsis: An interactional approach?

Traditionally, there have been three standard assumptions made about the Parallelism Effect on VP-ellipsis, namely that the effect is categorical, that it applies asymmetrically and that it is uniquely due to syntactic factors. Based on the results of a series of experiments involving online and offline tasks, it will be argued that the Parallelism Effect is instead noncategorical and interactional. The factors investigated include construction type, conceptual and morpho-syntactic recoverability, finiteness and anaphor type (to test VP-anaphora). The results show that parallelism is gradient rather than categorical, effects both VP-ellipsis and anaphora, and is influenced by both structural and non-structural factors

Electron impact promoted fragmentation of alkyl-N-(1-Phenylethyl)-carbamates of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

Mass spectra of alkyl carbamates derived from primary, secondary, and teriary alcohols by use of deuterium labeling and high resolution mass spectroscop