3D Architecture Viewpoints on Service Automation

Service-oriented architecture is an emerging paradigm for the execution of business-oriented as well as technical infrastructure processes by means of services. Automating the execution of services is of paramount importance in order to fulfill the needs of companies. However we have found that automation-although important-is seldom addressed explicitly as a concern when stating requirements or designing the software architecture of the service-based applications (SBAs). In this paper we define three architectural viewpoints framing the concerns about service automation. These three viewpoints, called 3D (Decisions, Degree, Data), respectively: express architectural decisions about automation; help identifying the level (degree) of automation required, and represent the specific data required to support automation in services. They have been applied to three industrial case studies and one academic experiment. Results show that they successfully support both technical and non-technical stakeholders in understanding how, and communicating upon, their concerns related to service automation have been addressed. The application of the 3D service automation viewpoints to different domains exhibits promising reusability.© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Impulse oscillometry reference values and bronchodilator response in three- to five-year old children living at high altitude

9 páginasIntroduction: Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is used to measure airway impedance. It is an effective tool for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases, and it has the advantage that it does not require forced respiratory maneuvers. IOS reference values are required for each population group. Objective: This study aimed to determine the IOS reference values and bronchodilator response in healthy preschool children living in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in preschool children who had no history of respiratory disease; 96 children fit the parameters for testing to determine normal values according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. Results: Values for respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at 5, 10, and 20 Hz, respiratory impedance (Zrs, and resonance frequency (Fres) were established. Height was the most influential independent variable for IOS values; an increase in height led to a reduction in Rrs5 and Rrs20 and an increase in Xrs5. After the administration of 400 mcg of salbutamol the values for Rrs5(−17.48%), Rrs20(−8.63%), Fres (−10.68%), and area of reactance (−35.44%) were reduced, meanwhile Xrs5 (15.35%) was increased. Conclusions: Normal IOS values before and after the administration of 400 mcg of salbutamol were determined for a population of children aged 3–5 years at 2,640 m. Reference IOS equations for these children are presented. A relative change of up to −28% and 36% after the use of salbutamol for respiratory resistance and reactance, respectively, should be considered as an upper limit of the normal range, and possible appropriate cut-off values for defining significant response for evaluating therapeutic interventions. © 2019 Duenas-Meza et al