Pidgin and Hawai‘i English: An overview

Today, most people from Hawai‘i speak Pidgin, Hawai‘i English, or both. This paper presents a brief discussion of the history of both the creole (called Pidgin or Hawaii Creole) and the variety of English spoken in Hawai‘i referred to as Hawai‘i English. The creation of Pidgin and the prevalence of English in Hawai‘i have a complex history closely tied with various sociohistorical events in the islands, and the social hegemony established during the plantation days still persists today. While Pidgin is stigmatized and is deemed inappropriate for use in formal domains, it has important social functions, and the infl uence from diff erent languages is viewed as representative of the ethnic diversity found in the islands. This paper treats Pidgin and Hawaii English as independent from one another while commenting on some of the linguistic forms that are found in both. Lexical items, phonological forms,and syntactic structures of Pidgin and Hawai‘i English are presented alongside a discussion of language attitudes and ideologies. Recent work that attempts to address the negative attitudes toward Pidgin is also discussed

Pidgin and Hawai‘i English: An overview

Today, most people from Hawai‘i speak Pidgin, Hawai‘i English, or both. This paper presents a brief discussion of the history of both the creole (called Pidgin or Hawaii Creole) and the variety of English spoken in Hawai‘i referred to as Hawai‘i English. The creation of Pidgin and the prevalence of English in Hawai‘i have a complex history closely tied with various sociohistorical events in the islands, and the social hegemony established during the plantation days still persists today. While Pidgin is stigmatized and is deemed inappropriate for use in formal domains, it has important social functions, and the infl uence from diff erent languages is viewed as representative of the ethnic diversity found in the islands. This paper treats Pidgin and Hawaii English as independent from one another while commenting on some of the linguistic forms that are found in both. Lexical items, phonological forms,and syntactic structures of Pidgin and Hawai‘i English are presented alongside a discussion of language attitudes and ideologies. Recent work that attempts to address the negative attitudes toward Pidgin is also discussed

MODIFICATIONS OF FINE- AND COARSE-TEXTURED SOIL MATERIAL CAUSED BY THE ANT FORMICA SUBSERICEA

The majority of ant-related bioturbation research has focused on physiochemical properties of the nest mound. However, ants are also known to line subsurface nest components (chambers and galleries) with coarse material, and may expand or backfill areas as colony size expands and contracts. These alterations may contribute to significant redistribution of soil material leading to alterations in soil physical and hydrological properties. The goal of this study was to examine the physical, chemical, and hydrological effects of the subterranean portion of ant nests on the soil profile. We measured soil in the field that was located near (<2 cm) and away (<1 m) from ant nests, and compared them to unaltered soil approximately 2 m away. Two-dimensional tracings of nest architecture were used to predict the nest effect on hydraulic properties of a fine-textured soil. In addition, we took approximately 1600 ant specimens from one of these nests and placed them into two formicaria with coarse-textured soil that approximated horizons in the field. Overall, the mound showed the largest differences from the original soil, having lower bulk density and higher total carbon than the rest of the nest. Ant-altered portions of soil extended laterally well beyond the surface mound in soils with vertic properties, whereas effects of ants on nest carbon were restricted to nest walls in coarse-textured soils. This difference was due to ants utilizing interpedal spaces of vertic soils that were open during dry years. Hydrologic properties calculated from cross-sectional photographs and tracings of the excavated nest showed that ant activity significantly increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil, and was associated with faster increases and decreases in moisture content. This preferential flow effect was present, but more muted in coarse textured soils with naturally high saturated conductivity. Regardless of soil type, the effects of ant altered soil diminish with increasing depth, as nest structures decrease in density and the soil becomes harder to excavate, especially during dry years

Linguistic variation, identity construction and cognition

Speakers use a variety of different linguistic resources in the construction of their identities, and they are able to do so because their mental representations of linguistic and social information are linked. While the exact nature of these representations remains unclear, there is growing evidence that they encode a great deal more phonetic detail than traditionally assumed and that the phonetic detail is linked with word-based information. This book investigates the ways in which a lemma’s phonetic realisation depends on a combination of its grammatical function and the speaker’s social group. This question is investigated within the context of the word like as it is produced and perceived by students at an all girls’ high school in New Zealand. The results are used to inform an exemplar-based model of speech production and perception in which the quality and frequency of linguistic and non-linguistic variants contribute to a speaker’s style

Linguistic variation, identity construction and cognition

Speakers use a variety of different linguistic resources in the construction of their identities, and they are able to do so because their mental representations of linguistic and social information are linked. While the exact nature of these representations remains unclear, there is growing evidence that they encode a great deal more phonetic detail than traditionally assumed and that the phonetic detail is linked with word-based information. This book investigates the ways in which a lemma’s phonetic realisation depends on a combination of its grammatical function and the speaker’s social group. This question is investigated within the context of the word like as it is produced and perceived by students at an all girls’ high school in New Zealand. The results are used to inform an exemplar-based model of speech production and perception in which the quality and frequency of linguistic and non-linguistic variants contribute to a speaker’s style

Linguistic variation, identity construction and cognition

Speakers use a variety of different linguistic resources in the construction of their identities, and they are able to do so because their mental representations of linguistic and social information are linked. While the exact nature of these representations remains unclear, there is growing evidence that they encode a great deal more phonetic detail than traditionally assumed and that the phonetic detail is linked with word-based information. This book investigates the ways in which a lemma’s phonetic realisation depends on a combination of its grammatical function and the speaker’s social group. This question is investigated within the context of the word like as it is produced and perceived by students at an all girls’ high school in New Zealand. The results are used to inform an exemplar-based model of speech production and perception in which the quality and frequency of linguistic and non-linguistic variants contribute to a speaker’s style

Linguistic variation, identity construction and cognition

Speakers use a variety of different linguistic resources in the construction of their identities, and they are able to do so because their mental representations of linguistic and social information are linked. While the exact nature of these representations remains unclear, there is growing evidence that they encode a great deal more phonetic detail than traditionally assumed and that the phonetic detail is linked with word-based information. This book investigates the ways in which a lemma’s phonetic realisation depends on a combination of its grammatical function and the speaker’s social group. This question is investigated within the context of the word like as it is produced and perceived by students at an all girls’ high school in New Zealand. The results are used to inform an exemplar-based model of speech production and perception in which the quality and frequency of linguistic and non-linguistic variants contribute to a speaker’s style

Convective cold pools: characterization and soil moisture dependence

2016 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Convective cold pools play an important role in Earth's climate system. However, a common framework does not exist for conceptually defining and objectively identifying convective cold pools in observations and models. The first part of this thesis begins with a review of the identification methods used in previous works. This is followed by an investigation of convective cold pools within a high-resolution simulation of rainforest convection simulated using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), an open-source cloud-resolving model with a coupled land-surface model. Multiple variables are assessed for their potential for identifying convective cold pool boundaries, and a novel technique is developed and tested for identifying and tracking convective cold pools in numerical model simulations. This algorithm is based on surface rainfall rates and radial gradients in the density potential temperature field. The algorithm successfully identifies near-surface cold pool boundaries and is able to distinguish between connected cold pools. Once cold pools have been identified and tracked, composites of cold pool evolution are then constructed, and average cold pool properties are investigated. One novel result is the presence of moist patches that develop within the centers of cold pools where the ground has been soaked with rainwater. These moist patches help to maintain cool temperatures and prevent cold pool dissipation, which has implications for the development of subsequent convection. The second part of this thesis explores how the properties of convective cold pools are modulated by soil moisture. Three high-resolution simulations of tropical rainforest convection are performed using the RAMS, and the initial soil moisture is varied between 25% and 75% saturation. The cold pool identification algorithm developed in the first part of the thesis is used to construct composites of cold pools within each simulation, and the composites are compared. When soil moisture is decreased, stronger convective cold pools result. These stronger cold pools are also smaller because increased sensible heat fluxes in the reduced soil-moisture simulations cause the cold pools to dissipate more quickly as they expand. Finally, the rings of enhanced water vapor that have been documented in previous studies of tropical cold pools disappear when soil moisture is reduced. These results emphasize the role that land surface properties can have in modulating convective cold pool properties

The Relationship between Abstract Reasoning and Performance in High School Algebra

This study examined abstract reasoning ability as a predictor of success in high school algebra controlling for age, motivation, and previous math achievement. A valid and reliable instrument, the Abstract Reasoning Assessment (ARA), a matrix completion instrument based upon a protocol by Embretson (1998), was developed for the study. Motivation was measured using the Personal Achievement Goal Orientations scale (Midgeley, 2000). Previous math achievement was measured using the course grade from the previous year's math course. Success in algebra was measured by the final exam grade from a first year high school algebra course. 220 ninth grade students took part in the study. A multiple regression analysis found that abstract reasoning ability explained a significant proportion of the variance in high school algebra performance beyond that explained by previous math achievement, motivation and age. Further, based on effect size, abstract reasoning was a better predictor than previous math achievement