260 research outputs found

    A New Local Temperature Distribution Function for X-ray Clusters: Cosmological Applications

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    (abridged) We present a new determination of the local temperature function of X-ray clusters. We use a new sample comprising fifty clusters for which temperature information is now available, making it the largest complete sample of its kind. It is therefore expected to significantly improve the estimation of the temperature distribution function of moderately hot clusters. We find that the resulting temperature function is higher than previous estimations, but agrees well with the temperature distribution function inferred from the BCS and RASS luminosity function. We have used this sample to constrain the amplitude of the matter fluctuations on cluster's scale of 8Ω03−1h−18\sqrt[3]{\Omega_0}^{-1}h^{-1}Mpc, assuming a mass-temperature relation based on recent numerical simulations. We find σ8=0.6±0.02\sigma_8 = 0.6\pm 0.02 for an Ω0=1\Omega_0 = 1 model. Our sample provides an ideal reference at z∌0z \sim 0 to use in the application of the cosmological test based on the evolution of X-ray cluster abundance (Oukbir & Blanchard 1992, 1997). Using Henry's sample, we find that the abundance of clusters at z=0.33z = 0.33 is significantly smaller, by a factor larger than 2, which shows that the EMSS sample provides strong evidence for evolution of the cluster abundance. A likelihood analysis leads to a rather high value of the mean density parameter of the universe: Ω=0.92±0.22\Omega =0.92 \pm 0.22 (open case) and Ω=0.86±0.25\Omega =0.86 \pm 0.25 (flat case), which is consistent with a previous, independent estimation based on the full EMSS sample by Sadat et al.(1998). Some systematic uncertainties which could alter this result are briefly discussed.Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures, mathches the version published in Astronomy and Astrophysic

    An Approximation to the Likelihood Function for Band-Power Estimates of CMB Anisotropies

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    Band-power estimates of cosmic microwave background fluctuations are now routinely used to place constraints on cosmological parameters. For this to be done in a rigorous fashion, the full likelihood function of band-power estimates must be employed. Even for Gaussian theories, this likelihood function is not itself Gaussian, for the simple reason that band-powers measure the {\em variance} of the random sky fluctuations. In the context of Gaussian sky fluctuations, we use an ideal situation to motivate a general form for the full likelihood function from a given experiment. This form contains only two free parameters, which can be determined if the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the true likelihood function are known. The ansatz works remarkably well when compared to the complete likelihood function for a number of experiments. For application of this kind of approach, we suggest that in the future both 68% and 95% (and perhaps also the 99.7%) confidence intervals be given when reporting experimental results.Comment: Published versio

    Heat transfer and thermo-mechanical stresses in a gravity casting die - Influence of process parameters

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    International audienceThe paper is concerned with thermal measurements in a gravity casting die of simple geometry. A inverse method, based on the Laplace Transform of the heat conduction equation, is used to determine the heat flux exchanged between the die and the aluminium product. This estimation is compared to the flux that can be determined from temperature difference between two thermocouples. A ratio between 1.5 and 2 is reported. In a specific experiment, both estimated heat flux are compared with the heat exchanged with an ice cylinder. This validates the measurements and the inverse method as far as order of magnitude is concerned. Thermal measurements are used to evaluate the thermal stresses in the mould. using a simple analytical formulation. The influence of two process parameters, the initial temperature of the die and the coating on the moulding surface, is studied. Basically the more conductive the coating and the lower the initial temperature of the die, the higher the heat transfer and the higher the thermal stresses. Less obvious is the influence of ageing for the graphite based coating. A phenomenon is observed from the heat flux vs. time curves, that can be related to recalescence. It is discussed in terms of reactivity of the coating, heterogeneous nucleation on the coating and supercooling of the melt

    Bias in Matter Power Spectra ?

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    We review the constraints given by the linear matter power spectra data on cosmological and bias parameters, comparing the data from the PSCz survey (Hamilton et al., 2000) and from the matter power spectrum infered by the study of Lyman alpha spectra at z=2.72 (Croft et al., 2000). We consider flat--Λ\Lambda cosmologies, allowing Λ\Lambda, H0H_0 and nn to vary, and we also let the two ratio factors rpsczr_{pscz} and rlymanr_{lyman} (ri2=Pi(k)PCMB(k)r^2_i = \frac{P_{i}(k)}{P_{CMB}(k)}) vary independently. Using a simple χ2\chi^2 minimisation technique, we find confidence intervals on our parameters for each dataset and for a combined analysis. Letting the 5 parameters vary freely gives almost no constraints on cosmology, but requirement of a universal ratio for both datasets implies unacceptably low values of H0H_0 and Λ\Lambda. Adding some reasonable priors on the cosmological parameters demonstrates that the power derived by the PSCz survey is higher by a factor ∌1.75\sim 1.75 compared to the power from the Lyman α\alpha forest survey.Comment: Accepted in A&

    Géologie et caractérisation pétrographique et géochimique des minéralisations Cu-Au-Mo de « Type Opémiska » de Chapais (Qc, Canada)

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    Les minĂ©ralisations de « type OpĂ©miska » sont localisĂ©es dans la partie nord-est de la ceinture de roche verte archĂ©ennes de la Sous-province de l’Abitibi, Ă  proximitĂ© de la ville de Chapais. Elles sont encaissĂ©es au sein d’un rĂ©seau de fractures localisĂ©es dans le nez de plis du Filon-couche de Ventures appartenant Ă  la Suite intrusive de Cummings (~2716 Ma). Ces minĂ©ralisations reprĂ©sentent une catĂ©gorie de gisement Cu-Au filonien atypique et caractĂ©ristique du camp de Chibougamau-Chapais. Ces minĂ©ralisations ont historiquement reprĂ©sentĂ© une part trĂšs importante de la mĂ©tallogĂ©nie et de l’économie rĂ©gionale. Avec une production de plus de 475 000 tonnes de Cu Ă  partir des mines Springer et Perry, elles Ă©quivalent Ă  elles seules Ă  plus de la moitiĂ© de la production en Cu du camp minier de Chibougamau (~737 000 tonnes Cu). La formation de ces veines riches en Cu, Au, Ag est nĂ©anmoins restĂ©e Ă©nigmatique en raison de son caractĂšre assez unique en Abitibi. Le nouvel intĂ©rĂȘt pour ce camp minier depuis les annĂ©es 2000 et les projets de rĂ©ouverture des anciennes mines ont motivĂ© la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’amĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension de ce type de gisement « inclassable ». L’étude pĂ©trologique et gĂ©ochimique Ă  la mine Springer, a mis en Ă©vidence 2 types de minĂ©ralisations. Le premier type correspond aux veines de quartz-sulfures qui ont constituĂ©es le minerai principal. Elles reprĂ©sentent un type de minĂ©ralisation Cu-Au-Mo avec une paragĂ©nĂšse principale Ă  chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnĂ©tite et molybdĂ©nite, et une association Cu, Au, Ag, Bi, Mo. Elles s’accompagnent d’une altĂ©ration sodique-potassique proximale Ă  biotite, stilpnomĂ©lane, feldspaths Na-K et propyllitique distale Ă  chlorite-Ă©pidote. Les signatures en Ă©lĂ©ments traces des pyrites de Springer, Perry et de l’indice Chibougamau-Copper prĂ©sentent des associations Ă  Se, Te, Bi, Cu, Co, Ag comparables aux minĂ©ralisations magmatiques-hydrothermales, ainsi qu’à celles des veines Cu-Au filoniens et porphyriques du Camp minier du lac DorĂ©. Les magnĂ©tites hydrothermales montrent Ă©galement des signatures en Ă©lĂ©ments traces similaires Ă  celles des systĂšmes magmatiques-hydrothermaux et ont permis d’estimer une tempĂ©rature de formation de l’ordre de 200 – 300°C. Le second type de minĂ©ralisation est reprĂ©sentĂ© par des veines de quartz-carbonate en cisaillement orientĂ©es 300 – 330° qui recoupe les veines Cu-Au-Mo. Elles se caractĂ©risent par une paragĂ©nĂšse Ă  arsĂ©nopyrite-pyrite±sphalĂ©rite±galĂšne±sulfosels, une association Au, As, Zn, Pb, Bi, Sb et une altĂ©ration Ă  chlorite-sĂ©ricite-carbonate. La signature de ces pyrites est marquĂ©e par des enrichissements en Au, As, Sb, Bi et de trĂšs faibles concentrations en Se, Te par rapport aux veines Cu-Au-Mo. Ces caractĂ©ristiques sont comparables aux signatures observĂ©es dans les minĂ©ralisations d’or orogĂ©nique des mines Cooke et Norbeau. L’interprĂ©tation des donnĂ©es obtenues dans cette Ă©tude et l’intĂ©gration des travaux antĂ©rieurs ont permis de conclure que les veines de « type OpĂ©miska » de Springer et Perry appartiennent Ă  un large systĂšme Cu-Au-Mo magmatique-hydrothermal. Sa mise en place serait contemporaine Ă  l’activitĂ© magmatique de la pĂ©riode synvolcanique. Les minĂ©ralisations Au-As sont plus tardives et formĂ©es durant la pĂ©riode syntectonique, probablement par un processus similaire aux veines d’or orogĂ©nique. Cet Ă©vĂ©nement a contribuĂ© Ă  enrichir en Au le systĂšme prĂ©coce, ce qui a des implications majeures pour l’exploration du secteur
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