Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Gendered Entrepreneurship and British South Asian Women in the Culture Industries

The 200 Richest Asians Magazines 2000, 2002, 2003 construct the success of British South Asian multi-millionaires in images that foreground their masculine traits and characteristics. And yet, this paper argues, such individual success stories are merely the tip of an “entrepreneurial iceberg”. They mask the existence of clusters of immigrant enterprises concentrated in particular economic sectors and industries. These may be headed by women as well as men. While South Asian men in Britain initially dominated the food, clothing, property and IT economic enclaves, the entry of second- and third-generation migrants into professional self-employment in the media and culture industries has included a substantial number of women as well. Like other South Asian millionaires, however, to understand the rise of South Asian women media millionaires, the paper argues, we need to look beyond individual success stories to the historical formation of a growing South Asian enclave economy in the culture industries in Britain, in which women play a major role.Les deux cents Richest Asians Magazines 2000, 2002, 2003 illustrent le succès des multi-millionnaires britanniques d’Asie du sud par des figures mettant au premier plan des caractères et des traits masculins. Cependant, ce magazine n’hésite pas à dire que de telles réussites individuelles ne représentent que la pointe de l’« iceberg entrepreneurial ». Elles dissimulent l’existence de nombre d’entreprises ethniques concentrées dans certains secteurs économiques et qui peuvent être dirigées par des femmes comme par des hommes. Si les hommes d’Asie du Sud occupaient initialement les créneaux économiques de l’alimentation, du vêtement, de l’immobilier et des technologies informatiques, l’entrée des deuxième et troisième générations de migrants dans les entreprises indépendantes des média et de la culture, inclut un nombre conséquent de femmes. La multiplication des réussites économiques des femmes d’Asie du Sud dans les média, comme la réalisation d’autres grosses fortunes asiatiques, ne peut s’expliquer que par la formation historique d’une enclave économique sud-asiatique dans les entreprises de la culture en Grande-Bretagne, dans lesquelles les femmes jouent un rôle déterminant.Los dos cientos Richest Asians Magazines 2000, 2002, 2003 ilustran el éxito de los multimillonarios británicos de Asia del sur con figuras que valoran a caracteres y rasgos masculinos. Sin embargo la revista se atreve a decir que estos éxitos individuales representan solo la punta del «iceberg empresarial». Disimulan la existencia de numerosas empresas étnicas concentradas en ciertos sectores económicos y que pueden tener a su cabeza tanto una mujer como un hombre. Si los hombres de Asia del sur ocuparon en un primer tiempo ciertos segmentos del mercado como la alimentación, la confección, el sector inmobiliario y las nuevas tecnologías, las mujeres fueron más numerosas cuando la segunda y la tercera generación entraron en las empresas independientes de la información y de la cultura. Solo la formación histórica de una enclave económica surasiática de empresas culturales de Gran Bretaña, enclave en la cual las mujeres tuvieron un papel determinante, puede explicar tanto la aparición de nuevas e importantes fortunas como la multiplicación de éxitos económicos de mujeres de Asia del Sur en los medias

Effects of the dopamine D2 allosteric modulator, PAOPA, on the expression of GRK2, arrestin-3, ERK1/2, and on receptor internalization.

The activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is intricately regulated by a range of intracellular proteins, including G protein-coupled kinases (GRKs) and arrestins. Understanding the effects of ligands on these signaling pathways could provide insights into disease pathophysiologies and treatment. The dopamine D2 receptor is a GPCR strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Previous studies from our lab have shown the preclinical efficacy of a novel allosteric drug, 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA), in attenuating schizophrenia-like behavioural abnormalities in rodent models of the disease. As an allosteric modulator, PAOPA binds to a site on the D2 receptor, which is distinct from the endogenous ligand-binding site, in order to modulate the binding of the D2 receptor ligand, dopamine. The exact signaling pathways affected by this allosteric modulator are currently unknown. The objectives of this study were to decipher the in vivo effects, in rats, of chronic PAOPA administration on D2 receptor regulatory and downstream molecules, including GRK2, arrestin-3 and extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) 1/2. Additionally, an in vitro cellular model was also used to study PAOPA's effects on D2 receptor internalization. Results from western immunoblots showed that chronic PAOPA treatment increased the striatal expression of GRK2 by 41%, arrestin-3 by 34%, phospho-ERK1 by 51% and phospho-ERK2 by 36%. Results also showed that the addition of PAOPA to agonist treatment in cells increased D2 receptor internalization by 33%. This study provides the foundational evidence of putative signaling pathways, and changes in receptor localization, affected by treatment with PAOPA. It improves our understanding on the diverse mechanisms of action of allosteric modulators, while advancing PAOPA's development into a novel drug for the improved treatment of schizophrenia

Effect of chronic PAOPA administration on expression of GPCR regulatory and downstream molecules in rat cerebellum.

<p>PAOPA (1 mg/kg) was chronically administered to rats, and immunoblotting was used to quantify changes in expression of dopamine D2 receptor-related signaling proteins G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), arrestin-3 and extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). PAOPA treatment caused no significant differences in the expression within the cerebellum of (A) GRK2, (B) arrestin-3 and (C) ERK1/2. Data are presented with representative immunoblots, and as a percentage of control ± SEM.</p

Effect of chronic PAOPA administration on expression of GPCR regulatory proteins in rat striatum.

<p>PAOPA (1mg/kg) was chronically administered to rats, and immunoblotting was used to quantify changes in expression of proteins involved in the downregulation process of the dopamine D2 receptor. Chronic PAOPA treatment increased the expression within the striatum of (A) G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) by 41% and of (B) arrestin-3 by 34%. Data are shown with representative immunoblots, and expressed as a percentage of control ± SEM where *p < 0.05 (Student’s t-test).</p

Effect of PAOPA on dopamine D2 receptor internalization in a cellular model.

<p>TREx-293 cells were stably transfected with D2/enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (eYFP), G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and arrestin-3. (A) Live cell confocal microscopy imaging of this cellular model treated as control (left panel), D2 agonist quinpirole (30 µM) (middle panel), and quinpirole with PAOPA (10 µM) (right panel) are shown. The green fluorescence represents the dopamine D2 receptor, which appears to be primarily present on the cell membrane in the control cells, and locating to intracellular regions with quinpirole, and quinpirole with PAOPA treatment. (B) [³H]-sulpiride binding assays were used to quantify D2 receptor internalization, and this graph shows the percent of D2 receptors remaining on the cell membranes following given treatments of quinpirole (30 µM), PAOPA (10 µM) and quinpirole with PAOPA. Results show the addition of PAOPA to increase dopamine D2 receptor internalization by ~33%. Data are presented as a percentage of control ± SEM where *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01 (one-way analysis of variance).</p

Chemical structure of the dopamine D2 receptor allosteric modulator 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl) amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA).

<p>Chemical structure of the dopamine D2 receptor allosteric modulator 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl) amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA).</p