Tehnološko-tehnički sistemi pakovanja prehrambenih proizvoda

Food packaging science is a discipline which applies the principles from four major areas of science (material science, food science, information science and socioeconomics) in order to understand the properties of packaging materials, the packaging requirements of food, the packaging systems etc. In the food packaging industry market response is an initiating force for the food packaging technology development. In this paper an overview of food packaging technology is given as well as most important packaging functions and environments. The typical food packaging development process which may serve as a guide for designing food packaging systems is also presented. The paper gives the examples of analyzing food packaging systems and food packaging levels that can be optimized to provide the most efficient solution.Proces pakovanja hrane ima podjednaku važnost kao i sam proces proizvodnje hrane. Kao finalni postupak u veoma kompleksnom procesu proizvodnje hrane u sistemu 'od njive do trpeze' tehnološko-tehnički sistem pakovanja mora da zadovolji višestruke kriterijume koji su, često, i u suprotnosti. Poznavanje ambalaže i procesa pakovanja poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda može znatno olakšati postupke projektovanja i optimizacije transporta i skladištenja na imanjima i, samim tim, dovede do određenih ušteda kako u energetskom tako i u ekonomskom pogledu. Sam krajnji cilj ambalaže i pakovanja poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda je svakako dvojak i to, najpre, održavanje kvaliteta upakovanog proizvoda ali i komercijalni u smislu što boljeg reklamiranja upakovane robe. Tehnološko-tehnički sistemi pakovanja hrane se mogu posmatrati sa više aspekata i to sa aspekta nauke o materijalima za pakovanje, zatim sa aspekta nauke o hrani i o samom procesu njene proizvodnje, kroz informacione tehnologije i sa socio-ekonomskog aspekta. Cilj rada je da prikaže osnove tehnologije pakovanja kao i najznačajnije funkcije pakovanja i ambalažiranja poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda. U radu su dati i primeri mogućih analiza tehnološko-tehničkih sistema pakovanja čija primena za ishod ima optimalno tehnološko-tehničko rešenje sistema pakovanja prehrambenih proizvoda. Dati primeri se mogu posmatrati kao praktični saveti koji kombinuju elemente funkcije ambalaže i socio-ekonomske parametre kao i elemente funkcije ambalaže i ekologije. U daljem toku rada prikazani su osnovni elementi i uticajni faktori razvoja tehnološko-tehničkog sistema pakovanja prehrambenih proizvoda. Ovde se najpre misli na određivanje samih potreba proizvoda koji se pakuje, zatim na analizu materijala od koga je izrađena ambalaža i na tehničke sisteme pakovanja kao i na evaluaciju izrađenog prototipa i njegovo konačno pojavljivanje na tržištu

Upotreba molekularnih markera i in vitro metoda u detekciji otpornosti suncokreta prema tribenuron-metilu

tribenuronmethyl (Ahas1-2 gene) tolerance in sunflower is presented in this study. Since, introduction of tolecance in sunflower by conventional breeding takes years, quick tests and molecular markers that can detect tolerant genotypes will shorten the time for developing tolerant sunflower lines and hybrids. Special emphasis of this work was to develop methods for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes, since those methods are the most useful for facilitating backcrossing. Nine sunflower genotypes: four homozygous tolerant, four heterozygous and one susceptible sulfonylurea genotype were used for development of an in vitro test. MS media supplemented with different concentrations of herbicide (in range between 2.0 μM - 4.0 μM) and with pH either 7 or 8 were used for resistance testing. The effect of medium pH and herbicide concentration on above-ground and root mass of sunflower seedlings was observed in order to identify the optimal tribenuron-methyl concentration and pH combination, as well as morphological parameter most useful for resistance testing. All tested herbicide concentrations were found to be suitable for discrimination of tribenuronmethyl susceptible genotype, since the growth of tested susceptible genotype was halted after 3 days of culture on all tribenuron-methyl supplemented media. The best pH and herbicide concentration combination for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant sunflower genotypes was 3.0 μM at pH 7, while root mass was found to be the best parameter for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes. The test enabled discrimination between tolerant and susceptible genotypes in 5 days, as well as discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes in 12 days. Molecular analysis of tribenuron-methyl tolerance included resistant and susceptible parental lines, F1 and F2 progeny. Analysis of use of SSR markers for tolerance gene detection showed that SSRs were not suitable because of the distance between markers and Ahasl1-2 gene. Therefore, CAPS markers were developed. Specific primers for Ahasl1-2 gene were designed and three restriction enzymes that have different patterns of restriction between resistant Ahasl1-2 gene and wild type, ahasl, were identified. Some of the combinations of primers and enzymes showed dominant nature, however six markers proved to be co-dominant. Those markers will be used in marker assisted selection and for shortening long period for backcrossing.U ovom radu su razvijeni in vitro test i molekularni markeri za detekciju tolerantnosti suncokreta prema tribenuron-metilu (gen Ahasl1-2). Pošto proces unošenja gena tolerantnosti povratnim ukrštanjem traje dugo, razvoj in vitro testova i molekularnih markera koji bi omogućili detekciju tolerantnih genotipova značajno bi skratio period konverzije linija i hibrida suncokreta u otpornu formu. Od posebnog je značaja razvoj testova i markera koji omogućavaju razlikovanje homozigotno i heterozigotno tolerantnih genotipova. Za razvijanje in vitro testa korišćeno je devet različitih genotipa suncokreta: četiri homozigotno tolerantna, četiri heretozigotno tolerantna i jedan osetljiv. Testiranje je vršeno različitim koncentracijama herbicida, u rasponu od 2,0 μM - 4,0 μM na dve pH, pH 7 i 8. Praćen je uticaj pH podloge i koncentracije herbicida na razvoj nadzemnog dela biljke i korena u cilju identifikacije optimalne kombinacije za detekciju tolerantnih genotipova suncokreta. Tokom testiranja tolerantnosti, razvoj osetljivog genotipa je zaustavljen tri dana nakon postavljanja klijanaca suncokreta u MS podlogu sa prethodno dodatim herbicidom. Sve testirane kombinacije su zaustavile razvoj osetljivog genotipa, dok se za razlikovanje homozigotno tolerantnih od heterozigotnih genotipova najbolje pokazala 3,0 μM na pH 7, a sveža masa korena kao najpovoljnija morfološka osobina za razlikovanje genotipova. Test je omogućio razlikovanje tolerantnih od osetljivog genotipa za 5 dana i homozigotno tolerantnih i heterozigota za 12 dana. U okviru molekularne analize tolerantnosti suncokreta prema tribenuron-metilu analizirane su tolerantna i osetljiva roditeljska linija, F1 i F2 potomstvo. Analizirana je mogućnost upotrebe SSR markera za detekciju tolerantnosti. SSR markeri se nisu pokazali kao pouzdani indikatori tolerantnosti zbog svoje udaljenosti od gena Ahasl1-2. Stoga su razvijeni CAPS markeri za detekciju tolerantnosti prema tribenuron-metilu. Ispitivane su različite kombinacije prajmera koji su dizajnirani na osnovu sekvence gena Ahasl1-2 i pronađena su tri restrikciona enzima čija se mesta digestije razlikuju između sekvence mutiranog gena Ahasl1-2 i divljeg tipa ahasl1. Neke kombinacije prajmera i enzima su omogućile razvoj dominantnih CAPS, a neke kodominantnih markera. Razvijeno je šest kodomnantnih CAPS markera koji će se koristiti u marker-asistiranoj selekciji

Use of molecular markers and in vitro methods for detection of tribenuron-methyl resistance in sunflower

U ovom radu su razvijeni in vitro test i molekularni markeri za detekciju tolerantnosti suncokreta prema tribenuron-metilu (gen Ahasl1-2). Pošto proces unošenja gena tolerantnosti povratnim ukrštanjem traje dugo, razvoj in vitro testova i molekularnih markera koji bi omogućili detekciju tolerantnih genotipova značajno bi skratio period konverzije linija i hibrida suncokreta u otpornu formu. Od posebnog je značaja razvoj testova i markera koji omogućavaju razlikovanje homozigotno i heterozigotno tolerantnih genotipova. Za razvijanje in vitro testa korišćeno je devet različitih genotipa suncokreta: četiri homozigotno tolerantna, četiri heretozigotno tolerantna i jedan osetljiv. Testiranje je vršeno različitim koncentracijama herbicida, u rasponu od 2,0 μM - 4,0 μM na dve pH, pH 7 i 8. Praćen je uticaj pH podloge i koncentracije herbicida na razvoj nadzemnog dela biljke i korena u cilju identifikacije optimalne kombinacije za detekciju tolerantnih genotipova suncokreta. Tokom testiranja tolerantnosti, razvoj osetljivog genotipa je zaustavljen tri dana nakon postavljanja klijanaca suncokreta u MS podlogu sa prethodno dodatim herbicidom. Sve testirane kombinacije su zaustavile razvoj osetljivog genotipa, dok se za razlikovanje homozigotno tolerantnih od heterozigotnih genotipova najbolje pokazala 3,0 μM na pH 7, a sveža masa korena kao najpovoljnija morfološka osobina za razlikovanje genotipova. Test je omogućio razlikovanje tolerantnih od osetljivog genotipa za 5 dana i homozigotno tolerantnih i heterozigota za 12 dana. U okviru molekularne analize tolerantnosti suncokreta prema tribenuron-metilu analizirane su tolerantna i osetljiva roditeljska linija, F1 i F2 potomstvo. Analizirana je mogućnost upotrebe SSR markera za detekciju tolerantnosti. SSR markeri se nisu pokazali kao pouzdani indikatori tolerantnosti zbog svoje udaljenosti od gena Ahasl1-2. Stoga su razvijeni CAPS markeri za detekciju tolerantnosti prema tribenuron-metilu. Ispitivane su različite kombinacije prajmera koji su dizajnirani na osnovu sekvence gena Ahasl1-2 i pronađena su tri restrikciona enzima čija se mesta digestije razlikuju između sekvence mutiranog gena Ahasl1-2 i divljeg tipa ahasl1. Neke kombinacije prajmera i enzima su omogućile razvoj dominantnih CAPS, a neke kodominantnih markera. Razvijeno je šest kodomnantnih CAPS markera koji će se koristiti u marker-asistiranoj selekciji.tribenuronmethyl (Ahas1-2 gene) tolerance in sunflower is presented in this study. Since, introduction of tolecance in sunflower by conventional breeding takes years, quick tests and molecular markers that can detect tolerant genotypes will shorten the time for developing tolerant sunflower lines and hybrids. Special emphasis of this work was to develop methods for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes, since those methods are the most useful for facilitating backcrossing. Nine sunflower genotypes: four homozygous tolerant, four heterozygous and one susceptible sulfonylurea genotype were used for development of an in vitro test. MS media supplemented with different concentrations of herbicide (in range between 2.0 μM - 4.0 μM) and with pH either 7 or 8 were used for resistance testing. The effect of medium pH and herbicide concentration on above-ground and root mass of sunflower seedlings was observed in order to identify the optimal tribenuron-methyl concentration and pH combination, as well as morphological parameter most useful for resistance testing. All tested herbicide concentrations were found to be suitable for discrimination of tribenuronmethyl susceptible genotype, since the growth of tested susceptible genotype was halted after 3 days of culture on all tribenuron-methyl supplemented media. The best pH and herbicide concentration combination for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant sunflower genotypes was 3.0 μM at pH 7, while root mass was found to be the best parameter for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes. The test enabled discrimination between tolerant and susceptible genotypes in 5 days, as well as discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous tolerant genotypes in 12 days. Molecular analysis of tribenuron-methyl tolerance included resistant and susceptible parental lines, F1 and F2 progeny. Analysis of use of SSR markers for tolerance gene detection showed that SSRs were not suitable because of the distance between markers and Ahasl1-2 gene. Therefore, CAPS markers were developed. Specific primers for Ahasl1-2 gene were designed and three restriction enzymes that have different patterns of restriction between resistant Ahasl1-2 gene and wild type, ahasl, were identified. Some of the combinations of primers and enzymes showed dominant nature, however six markers proved to be co-dominant. Those markers will be used in marker assisted selection and for shortening long period for backcrossing

Evaluation of N,Nʼ- dialkyl-imidazolium ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems and their application for organic pollutants extraction

Развој сепарационих метода према принципима зелене хемије обухвата дизајн, развој и имплементацију енергетски ефикасних процеса који ће се одвијати под амбијеталним условима уз употребу нетоксичних хемикалија. Већина сепарационих процеса који се користе у данашње време се одигравају на вишим температурама и притисцима (економски неисплативи) уз употребу велике количине токсичних хемикалија (еколошки штетни)...The development of the separation methods according to green chemistry principles includes design, development and implementation of cost and energy effective processes that carry out under ambient conditions without toxic solvents. The most separation processes are performed at very high temperatures and pressures (economically unprofitable) and with the use toxic and volatile organic compounds (ecological harmful)..

Energetska efikasnost proizvodnje paradajza na otvorenom polju i u objektima zaštićenog prostora

In this paper the influence of tomato production technology and greenhouse construction type on production energy efficiency was analyzed. Influence of greenhouse construction on energy consumption was estimated for four different double plastic covered greenhouses: a tunnel type, covered with 180 µm PE UV IR outside folia, a gutter connected plastic covered greenhouse with 50 µm inner folia and 180 µm outside folia, a multi-span greenhouse with four bays with 50 µm inner folia and 180 µm outside folia and a multi-span greenhouse with thirteen bays were used. Specific energy input, energy output-input ratio and energy productivity were estimated. Results show that there are differences in the open field and greenhouse tomato production. The lowest energy input was measured for the open filed tomato production (18.02 MJ/m2) while in greenhouses in average was 24.13 MJ/m2. Concerning the greenhouses alone, the highest energy input was calculated in the case of tunnel structure, 26.87 MJ/m2. The lowest yield was observed in the open filed tomato production (1.89 kg/m2). The highest yield was achieved in the multi-span greenhouse with thirteen bays (6.08 kg/m2). Analysis showed that tomato production technology influences the energy efficiency and that the type of greenhouse construction has a significant influence on the energy efficiency of the greenhouse tomato production.U radu je prikazan uticaj tehnologije gajenja paradajza (otvoreno polje ili objekti zaštićenog prostora) na energetsku efikasnost. U tu svrhu praćena je njegova proizvodnja na otvorenom polju i u četiri tipa objekta i to objektu tunel tipa dimenzija 5,5 x 24 m pokrivenog 180 µm PE folijom, zatim u blok objektu sa dva bloka dimenzija 21 x 250 m sa 50 µm unutrašnjom i 180 µm spoljašnjom PE folijom, u blok objektu sa četiri bloka, dimenzija 4 x 8 x 51 m sa 50 µm unutrašnjom i 180 µm spoljašnjom PE folijom i u blok objektu sa trinaest blokova dimenzija 13 x 12 x 67,5 m sa 50 µm unutrašnjom i 180 µm spoljašnjom PE folijom. Na osnovu energetskog ouput-a i energetskog input-a, specifična potrošnja energije, energetski odnos i energetska produktivnost su određene. Rezultati pokazuju da postoje razlike u potrošnji energije u proizvodnji na otvorenom polju i u objektima zaštićenog prostora. Najniža potrošnja energije zabeležena je na otvorenom polju (18,02 MJ/m2) dok je potrošnja energije u objektima zaštićenog prostora u proseku bila 24,13 MJ/m2. Ako se međusobno uporede samo objekti zaštićenog prostora, najviše energije je utrošeno u objektu tunel tipa 26,87 MJ/m2. Najniži prinos je ostvaren na otvorenom polju i iznosio je 1,89 kg/m2 dok je najviši prinos zabeležen u blok objektu sa trinaest blokova (6,08 kg/m2). Analiza potrošnje energije je pokazala da tehnologija gajenja paradajza utiče na energetsku efikasnost proizvodnje kao i da se izborom tipa objekta značajno može uticati na energetsku produktivnost proizvodnje

Distribucija temperature i relativne vlažnosti vazduha unutar objekata zaštićenog prostora različite konstrukcije

Greenhouse plant production is one of the most intensive parts of the agricultural production. In order to reduce the costs and save the energy, various greenhouse constructions and different coverings are offered to the farmers. One of the biggest problems is in winter production when additional heating and light are needed as well as in summer when intensive cooling is needed. During these period construction and coverings fully show their qualities. The aim of this research was to investigate the temperature and air relative humidity distribution in the different greenhouse constructions in the different production systems in order to see if the choice of the greenhouse construction can improve the production conditions inside the greenhouse enabling the better energy efficiency and lower energy input for heating / cooling. Air temperature and relative humidity were tracked in the open field and in the two types of greenhouses (tunnel and gutter connected type) in the lettuce and tomato production. Results show that temperature pattern and its values during the night and day depend on the greenhouse construction, plant specie that is grown and production season. Gutter connected type of construction showed more uniform production conditions inside the greenhouse. In the winter production conditions temperature oscillations were not significant and were lower compared to the values measured in the tunnel construction type greenhouse.Proizvodnja u zaštićenom prostoru je jedna od najintenzivnijih grana poljoprivredne proizvodnje u smislu potrošnje energije i ostvarenog prinosa. Na tržištu je veliki broj pokrivnih materijala i materijala konstrukcije kojima se može uštedeti energija i time povećati energetska efikasnost proizvodnje u zaštićenom prostoru. Jedan od značajnijih problema koji se javlja kod ovog vida proizvodnje su nepovoljni temperaturni uslovi tokom zimskog i letnjeg perioda. Pravilnim izborom konstrukcije, pokrivnog materijala i orijentacije objekta nepovoljni uticaji niskih temperatura tokom zime i visokih temperatura tokom leta, se mogu ublažiti. Cilj ovog rada je bila analiza temperaturnih i uslova relativne vlažnosti vazduha u objektima zaštićenog prostora različite konstrukcije u proizvodnji salate i paradajza kako bi se videlo da li se izborom konstrukcije objekta zaštićenog prostora može uticati na ravnomernost proizvodnih uslova u objektima, i samim tim, na kvalitet proizvodnje i ostvareni prinos. Prema navedenom cilju, temperatura i relativna vlažnost vazduha su praćeni unutar objekta (njegovom dužinom i visinom) i izvan objekta, tokom proizvodnje zelene salate i paradajza. U istraživanje su bila uključena dva objekta zaštićenog prostora, i to tunel i dvobrodni plastenik. Rezultati ukazuju na postojanje razlika u rasporedu temperature i relativne vlažnosti vazduha unutar objekata različite konstrukcije. Blok objekat se pokazao kao sredina sa uniformnim rasporedom temperature i relativne vlažnosti dužinom objekta tokom čitavog dana. U zimskom periodu su oscilacije temperature bile manje značajne nego kod objekta tunel tipa

Proizvodni uslovi u objektima zaštićenog prostora

The aim of this research was to investigate the microclimatic parameters in the different tunnel greenhouse constructions in order to see if the choice of the greenhouse construction can improve the production conditions inside the greenhouse. A new type of round shape greenhouse construction is introduced that should lead to more energy efficient vegetable production. Production conditions were tracked in the open field and in the greenhouses. Results show that temperature pattern and its values during the night and day depend on the greenhouse construction, plant specie and production season.Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže rezultate istraživanja mikroklimatskih parametara u objektima zaštićenog prostora na malim, porodičnim gazdinstvima i da ukaže na mogućnosti unapređenja proizvodnje povrća na malom posedu. Cilj istraživanja je bio pokazati da proizvodni uslovi u objektima zaštićenog prostora zavise od tipa konstrukcije objekta i od gajene biljne vrste. Obzirom na nisku energetsu efikasnost objekata tunel tipa, posebno u zimskoj proizvodnje, prikazan je predlog nove konstrukcije objekta zaštićenog prostora, namenjen isključivo porodičnim gazdinstvima