Restaurant Marquees: A Help or Hindrance\u27?

The marquee is one of the most common and cost-effective forms of advertising, but it can be a restaurant\u27s worst enemy. Here are some surprising facts about its use and misuse

EnzymeML: seamless data flow and modeling of enzymatic data

The design of biocatalytic reaction systems is highly complex owing to the dependency of the estimated kinetic parameters on the enzyme, the reaction conditions, and the modeling method. Consequently, reproducibility of enzymatic experiments and reusability of enzymatic data are challenging. We developed the XML-based markup language EnzymeML to enable storage and exchange of enzymatic data such as reaction conditions, the time course of the substrate and the product, kinetic parameters and the kinetic model, thus making enzymatic data findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR). The feasibility and usefulness of the EnzymeML toolbox is demonstrated in six scenarios, for which data and metadata of different enzymatic reactions are collected and analyzed. EnzymeML serves as a seamless communication channel between experimental platforms, electronic lab notebooks, tools for modeling of enzyme kinetics, publication platforms and enzymatic reaction databases. EnzymeML is open and transparent, and invites the community to contribute. All documents and codes are freely available at https://enzymeml.org

Oxa1 Directly Interacts with Atp9 and Mediates Its Assembly into the Mitochondrial F(1)F(o)-ATP Synthase Complex

The yeast Oxa1 protein is involved in the biogenesis of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery. The involvement of Oxa1 in the assembly of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) complex, where it facilitates the cotranslational membrane insertion of mitochondrially encoded COX subunits, is well documented. In this study we have addressed the role of Oxa1, and its sequence-related protein Cox18/Oxa2, in the biogenesis of the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase complex. We demonstrate that Oxa1, but not Cox18/Oxa2, directly supports the assembly of the membrane embedded F(o)-sector of the ATP synthase. Oxa1 was found to physically interact with newly synthesized mitochondrially encoded Atp9 protein in a posttranslational manner and in a manner that is not dependent on the C-terminal, matrix-localized region of Oxa1. The stable manner of the Atp9-Oxa1 interaction is in contrast to the cotranslational and transient interaction previously observed for the mitochondrially encoded COX subunits with Oxa1. In the absence of Oxa1, Atp9 was observed to assemble into an oligomeric complex containing F(1)-subunits, but its further assembly with subunit 6 (Atp6) of the F(o)-sector was perturbed. We propose that by directly interacting with newly synthesized Atp9 in a posttranslational manner, Oxa1 is required to maintain the assembly competence of the Atp9-F(1)-subcomplex for its association with Atp6

Contact and language convergence

This chapter presents the two major senses of language convergence. In the first sense, a language system becomes in part more like another language system as a result of contact-induced change. In the second sense, a language system is gradually absorbed into another language system to the extent that a new language evolves which contains essential features of both. The chapter explores the commoner form of language convergence, with examples from languages which have undergone interesting instances of convergence in various parts of their structures. Many languages which have been listed together with pidgins or creoles, for example, may be better classified as being languages of other kinds. For example, Europe has hosted a number of Para-Romani varieties. These combine quantities of Romani lexicon (including some function words) with a structurally regularized version of the morphosyntax of the local language.</p