An Introduction to Actinobacteria

Actinobacteria, which share the characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are widely distributed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, mainly in soil, where they play an essential role in recycling refractory biomaterials by decomposing complex mixtures of polymers in dead plants and animals and fungal materials. They are considered as the biotechnologically valuable bacteria that are exploited for its secondary metabolite production. Approximately, 10,000 bioactive metabolites are produced by Actinobacteria, which is 45% of all bioactive microbial metabolites discovered. Especially Streptomyces species produce industrially important microorganisms as they are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products with potential applications. Though it has various applications, some Actinobacteria have its own negative effect against plants, animals, and humans. On this context, this chapter summarizes the general characteristics of Actinobacteria, its habitat, systematic classification, various biotechnological applications, and negative impact on plants and animals

Mosquito survey and larvicidal activity of actinobacterial isolates against Culex larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

AbstractThe present study aims to survey and identify the mosquito vector distribution throughout the Bharathidasan University Campus, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, India. Mosquito larvae were collected during October 2012–December 2012 from different breeding habitats. The survey revealed the presence of Aedes sp., Anopheles sp. and Culex sp. mosquito larvae. Among them Culex is dominant, in particularly Culex pipiens followed by Culex quinquifasciatus. Totally 41 actinobacterial isolates were isolated from soil and screened for the production of larvicidal metabolites against the 3rd instar Culex larvae. The obtained data exhibited that the isolated metabolites have lethal effects. Five isolates have shown a most significant mortality rate of the Culex mosquito larvae. In the biolarvicidal assay 1000ppm concentration of the isolate KA13-3 showed 100% mortality and KA25-A showed 90% mortality after 24h of incubation

Algal Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Biotechnological Potentials

A nanoparticle can be defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. Nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nm in diameter. Nanoparticles can act against the microbes in multiple ways, and the microbes are less likely to develop resistance against nanoparticles because it requires multiple gene mutations. The large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles, their ability to easily interact with other particles, and several other features make them attractive tools in various fields. Nanoparticles are widely used various fields such as electronics, cosmetics, biomedical, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by physical methods such as attrition, pyrolysis, and using some wet chemical methods. The physical and chemical methods have various drawbacks such as high cost of production, require high energy input and generation of toxic by-products. To overcome this, several biological methods are employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The biological methods are generally cost effective, nontoxic, and ecofriendly. This chapter focuses on the methods involved in algal-synthesized nanoparticles and its applications

Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications

This book presents an introductory overview of Actinobacteria with three main divisions: taxonomic principles, bioprospecting, and agriculture and industrial utility, which covers isolation, cultivation methods, and identification of Actinobacteria and production and biotechnological potential of antibacterial compounds and enzymes from Actinobacteria. Moreover, this book also provides a comprehensive account on plant growth-promoting (PGP) and pollutant degrading ability of Actinobacteria and the exploitation of Actinobacteria as ecofriendly nanofactories for biosynthesis of nanoparticles, such as gold and silver. This book will be beneficial for the graduate students, teachers, researchers, biotechnologists, and other professionals, who are interested to fortify and expand their knowledge about Actinobacteria in the field of Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biomedical Science, Plant Science, Agriculture, Plant pathology, Environmental Science, etc

Molecular Epidemiology Of Chikungunya Virus In Vellore District, Tamilnadu, India In 2006

Objective: The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the epidemiology of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Vellore district and also to identify the most susceptible sex and age group to CHIKV infection. Methods: About 100 positive blood samples were collected from various localities Vellore, Katpadi, Thiruvallam, Sathuvachari and Gudiyatham in Vellore district and analysed. The total RNA was isolated from these infected blood samples and transcribed into its cDNA. The E1 gene of CHIKV was amplified and subsequently sequenced. A Phylogenetic analysis was carried out with the resultant sequence. Also the RNA secondary structure and restriction sites in the E1 gene of CHIKV were predicted using the softwares Genebee and NEBCutter, respectively. A survey on the outbreak of Chikungunya fever in and around Vellore district was carried out with the aim of identifying the most susceptible sex and age group to Chikungunya viral infection. Results: The results of the present study based on the phylogenetic analysis and BLAST studies revealed that the E1 gene sequence of CHIKV under investigation showed 87% similarity with that of the sequence of the CHIKV strain AR18211. Conclusion: This study has thus revealed that the major strain responsible for the outbreak of Chikungunya fever in Vellore district was "AR18211" strain, an African genotype. Also the survey on CHIKV fever revealed the most susceptible age group to be between 20-40 years and the infection to be predominant among the male population

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Totally 189 Streptomyces isolates were obtained from eight different soils of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India. Among them, only 78 isolates were morphologically distinct. The highest diversity in the Streptomyces populations was observed in agricultural soil with minimum occurrence of antagonistic organisms. The least number of Streptomyces strains was found in coastal soil with maximum antagonistic organisms. A connection between physicochemical properties of the soil and the Streptomyces abundance was established. There was a positive correlation between the total Streptomyces population and nitrogen, available phosphorus, ferrous and manganese, while the correlation with pH and sodium was negative. This study clearly revealed the occurrence of Streptomyces spp. and its correlation with the available nutrient in the environment.\u418\u437\u43e\u43b\u438\u440\u430\u43d\u438 \u441\u430 189 \u43f\u440\u435\u434\u441\u442\u430\u432\u438\u442\u435\u43b\u438 \u43d\u430 \u440\u43e\u434 Streptomyces \u43e\u442 \u43e\u441\u435\u43c \u440\u430\u437\u43b\u438\u447\u43d\u438 \u43f\u43e\u447\u432\u438 \u432 \u41a\u443\u434\u430\u43b\u43e\u440\u435, \u422\u430\u43c\u438\u43b \u41d\u430\u434\u443, \u418\u43d\u434\u438\u44f. \u41e\u442 \u442\u44f\u445 \u441\u430\u43c\u43e 78 \u441\u430 \u43c\u43e\u440\u444\u43e\u43b\u43e\u433\u438\u447\u43d\u43e \u440\u430\u437- \u43b\u438\u447\u43d\u438. \u41d\u430\u439-\u433\u43e\u43b\u44f\u43c\u43e \u440\u430\u437\u43d\u43e\u43e\u431\u440\u430\u437\u438\u435 \u432 \u43f\u43e\u43f\u443\u43b\u430\u446\u438\u44f\u442\u430 \u43d\u430 \u441\u442\u440\u435\u43f\u442\u43e\u43c\u438\u446\u435\u442\u438\u442\u435 \u438 \u43c\u438- \u43d\u438\u43c\u430\u43b\u43d\u43e \u43d\u430\u43b\u438\u447\u438\u435 \u43d\u430 \u430\u43d\u442\u430\u433\u43e\u43d\u438\u441\u442\u438\u447\u43d\u438 \u438\u437\u43e\u43b\u430\u442\u438 \u441\u435 \u43d\u430\u431\u43b\u44e\u434\u430\u432\u430\u442 \u432 \u437\u435\u43c\u435\u434\u435\u43b\u441\u43a\u438- \u442\u435 \u43f\u43e\u447\u432\u438. \u41d\u430\u439-\u43c\u430\u43b\u43a\u43e \u441\u442\u440\u435\u43f\u442\u43e\u43c\u438\u446\u435\u442\u43d\u438 \u449\u430\u43c\u43e\u432\u435 \u441\u430 \u43e\u442\u43a\u440\u438\u442\u438 \u432 \u43a\u440\u430\u439\u431\u440\u435\u436\u43d\u438\u442\u435 \u43f\u43e\u447\u432\u438, \u43d\u43e \u441 \u43d\u430\u439-\u43c\u43d\u43e\u433\u43e \u430\u43d\u442\u430\u433\u43e\u43d\u438\u441\u442\u438\u447\u43d\u438 \u43e\u440\u433\u430\u43d\u438\u437\u43c\u438. \u423\u441\u442\u430\u43d\u43e\u432\u435\u43d\u430 \u435 \u432\u440\u44a\u437\u43a\u430 \u43c\u435\u436- \u434\u443 \u444\u438\u437\u438\u43a\u43e\u445\u438\u43c\u438\u447\u43d\u438\u442\u435 \u441\u432\u43e\u439\u441\u442\u432\u430 \u43d\u430 \u43f\u43e\u447\u432\u430\u442\u430 \u438 \u43a\u43e\u43b\u438\u447\u435\u441\u442\u432\u43e\u442\u43e \u43d\u430 \u449\u430\u43c\u43e\u432\u435\u442\u435 Streptomyces. \u421\u44a\u449\u435\u441\u442\u432\u443\u432\u430 \u43f\u43e\u437\u438\u442\u438\u432\u43d\u430 \u43a\u43e\u440\u435\u43b\u430\u446\u438\u44f \u43c\u435\u436\u434\u443 \u43e\u431\u449\u430\u442\u430 \u441\u442\u440\u435\u43f\u442\u43e\u43c\u438- \u446\u435\u442\u43d\u430 \u43f\u43e\u43f\u443\u43b\u430\u446\u438\u44f \u438 \u43a\u43e\u43d\u446\u435\u43d\u442\u440\u430\u446\u438\u438\u442\u435 \u43d\u430 \u430\u437\u43e\u442, \u441\u432\u43e\u431\u43e\u434\u435\u43d \u444\u43e\u441\u444\u43e\u440, \u436\u435\u43b\u44f\u437\u43e \u438 \u43c\u430\u43d\u433\u430\u43d, \u434\u43e\u43a\u430\u442\u43e \u43a\u43e\u440\u435\u43b\u430\u446\u438\u44f\u442\u430 \u441 pH \u438 \u43d\u430\u442\u440\u438\u44f \u435 \u43e\u442\u440\u438\u446\u430\u442\u435\u43b\u43d\u430. \u41f\u440\u43e\u443\u447\u432\u430\u43d\u435\u442\u43e \u44f\u441\u43d\u43e \u43f\u43e\u43a\u430\u437\u432\u430 \u43d\u430\u43b\u438\u447\u438\u435\u442\u43e \u43d\u430 \u438\u437\u43e\u43b\u430\u442\u438 Streptomyces spp. \u438 \u442\u44f\u445\u43d\u430\u442\u430 \u432\u440\u44a\u437\u43a\u430 \u441 \u434\u43e\u441\u442\u44a\u43f\u43d\u438\u442\u435 \u445\u440\u430\u43d\u438\u442\u435\u43b\u43d\u438 \u441\u44a\u441\u442\u430\u432\u43a\u438 \u43d\u430 \u43e\u43a\u43e\u43b\u43d\u430\u442\u430 \u441\u440\u435\u434\u430

Разпространение И Екобиология На Антагонистични Стрептомицети От Земеделски И Крайбрежни Почви В Тамил Наду, Индия

Totally 189 Streptomyces isolates were obtained from eight different soils of Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India. Among them, only 78 isolates were morphologically distinct. The highest diversity in the Streptomyces populations was observed in agricultural soil with minimum occurrence of antagonistic organisms. The least number of Streptomyces strains was found in coastal soil with maximum antagonistic organisms. A connection between physicochemical properties of the soil and the Streptomyces abundance was established. There was a positive correlation between the total Streptomyces population and nitrogen, available phosphorus, ferrous and manganese, while the correlation with pH and sodium was negative. This study clearly revealed the occurrence of Streptomyces spp. and its correlation with the available nutrient in the environment.Изолирани са 189 представители на род Streptomyces от осем различни почви в Кудалоре, Тамил Наду, Индия. От тях само 78 са морфологично раз- лични. Най-голямо разнообразие в популацията на стрептомицетите и ми- нимално наличие на антагонистични изолати се наблюдават в земеделски- те почви. Най-малко стрептомицетни щамове са открити в крайбрежните почви, но с най-много антагонистични организми. Установена е връзка меж- ду физикохимичните свойства на почвата и количеството на щамовете Streptomyces. Съществува позитивна корелация между общата стрептоми- цетна популация и концентрациите на азот, свободен фосфор, желязо и манган, докато корелацията с pH и натрия е отрицателна. Проучването ясно показва наличието на изолати Streptomyces spp. и тяхната връзка с достъпните хранителни съставки на околната среда

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COBALT METAL COMPLEX AGAINST MULTI DRUG RESISTANT BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL PATHOGENS UDC 66.091.3

Abstract. Cobalt complex with histidine ligand was synthesized and physico-chemically characterized by solubility testing, melting point, UV-spectra and FTIR. The synthesized metal complex was evaluated for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against the multidrug resistant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. The metal complex showed the significant antibacterial and antifungal activity comparison with commercial antibiotics. Further work can be extended through In-silico docking of this metal complex and bacterial, fungal genome which can be given a better idea about genome metal interaction in molecular level