32 research outputs found
La Pologne vue de France : un aperçu historiographique
Lâhistoriographie française de la Pologne connaĂźt un certain dĂ©veloppement depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1980, en privilĂ©giant lâĂ©tude du XXe siĂšcle, en particulier les pĂ©riodes de lâentre-deux-guerres et surtout de la DeuxiĂšme Guerre mondiale. La recherche rĂ©cente a cependant permis dâapprofondir nos connaissances sur lâhistoire de la Pologne depuis le XVIe siĂšcle. Moins prolifique que la production bibliographique britannique ou amĂ©ricaine, la recherche  française est sur la voie dâun Ă©largissement des champs de recherche Ă des problĂ©matiques qui intĂšgrent non seulement la dimension politique de lâhistoire, mais Ă©galement lâĂ©conomie, la culture, lâhistoire des mentalitĂ©s. Elle sâappuie en grande partie sur lâhistoriographie polonaise dont les dĂ©bats rejaillissent jusquâen France et sur un travail en relation avec les chercheurs polonais que rendent possible les rencontres scientifiques et les Ă©changes universitaires de plus en plus nombreux.Poland viewed from France: an historiographic perspective. French historiography of Poland has seen some development since the early 1980s, focusing on the study of the twentieth century, particularly the periods between the two world wars and above all the Second World War. Recent research, however, has deepened our knowledge of the history of Poland since the sixteenth century. Less prolific than British or American bibliographic work, French research is on a path of broadening the field of research with issues that include not only the political dimension of history, but also economic, cultural, history of attitudes. It relies heavily on Polish historiography, the debates of which spill over to France, and on related work with Polish researchers that makes possible increasingly numerous scientific meetings and academic exchanges
Histoire des conflits et déterminisme géographique en Europe orientale dans les rapports des officiers français au début du XXe siÚcle
Au tournant des XIXe et XXe siĂšcles, les travaux des gĂ©ographes militaires et des attachĂ©s militaires français sur lâEurope centrale et orientale se font de plus en plus nombreux. Dans le contexte de lâalliance militaire franco-russe, lâĂ©tude des confins des Empires russe, allemand, austro-hongrois et ottoman reflĂšte les prĂ©occupations françaises. Les Ă©tudes et les rapports proposent des rĂ©flexions stratĂ©giques inspirĂ©es de lâobservation gĂ©ographique et de lâexpĂ©rience militaire historique de rĂ©gions considĂ©rĂ©es comme des terres dâinvasion, thĂ©Ăątre de lâinĂ©vitable choc entre « Slaves et Germains ». Pour les officiers français, les donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques conditionnent souvent les caractĂ©ristiques politiques et culturelles des Ătats. Lâobservation doit donc permettre de prĂ©voir le dĂ©roulement des futures opĂ©rations de guerre. Elle a surtout pour objets la recherche dâinformations sur les voies de communication, la valeur des armĂ©es, celle des soldats de lâarmĂ©e russe alliĂ©e et lâesprit des populations.At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the works of the French military attachĂ©s and geographers regarding Central and Eastern Europe are becoming more numerous. In the context of the French-Russian military alliance, the study of the outposts of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires reflects the French concerns. Studies and reports offer strategic reflections based on the geographical observation and the historical and military experience of areas which are reputed to be lands of invasion and a theater of the unavoidable war between âthe Slavs and the Germansâ. According to the French officers, geographical data often determine the political and cultural characteristics of the states. Thus, the observation should allow to anticipate the conduct of the future war operations. Their main purposes were the search for information about the lines of communication, the value of the armies and of the soldiers of the Russian allied army, and the minds of the populations as well
Enjeux et rivalités politiques franco-britanniques : le plébiscite de haute Silésie (1921)
En vertu de lâarticle 88 du traitĂ© de Versailles, un plĂ©biscite doit avoir lieu en haute SilĂ©sie, pour dĂ©cider de lâappartenance de cette riche rĂ©gion miniĂšre Ă lâAllemagne ou Ă la Pologne. Aux rivalitĂ©s entre Polonais et Allemands sâajoutent celles entre Français et Britanniques quâopposent des visions gĂ©opolitiques divergentes. Lâurgence du plĂ©biscite se fait dâautant plus sentir que sur place, la force dâinterposition internationale, composĂ©e de contingents français et italiens, auxquels se joignent des troupes britanniques, a le plus grand mal Ă venir Ă bout des insurrections allemandes et polonaises. Ces troubles attisent la mĂ©sentente franco-britannique, Londres accusant le gĂ©nĂ©ral français Le Rond, prĂ©sident de la Commission interalliĂ©e, de favoriser la partie polonaise. Les nĂ©gociations franco-britanniques sont laborieuses, avant comme aprĂšs le plĂ©biscite de mars 1921, qui est remportĂ© par la population allemande. Face Ă lâĂ©chec des pourparlers, la dĂ©cision est prise de confier la question Ă la SociĂ©tĂ© des Nations. Il ne sâagit en fait que dâune maniĂšre de continuer les nĂ©gociations franco-britanniques sous le couvert de lâorganisation internationale. Un compromis est finalement trouvĂ©, avec le partage de la haute-SilĂ©sie dont la Pologne reçoit la partie la plus riche mais les rancĆurs restent profondes.Franco-British issues and political rivalries: the plebiscite in Upper Silesia (1921).Under Article 88 of the Treaty of Versailles, a plebiscite should have been held in Upper Silesia to decide whether this rich mining region belonged to Germany or Poland. To the rivalries between Poles and Germans were added those between the French and British who had divergent geopolitical visions. The urgency of the plebiscite was felt especially in this place; the international intervention force, composed of French and Italian contingents, to which were joined British troops, had great difficulty putting down German and Polish insurrections.  These disorders fanned the Franco-British disagreement, London accusing the French general Le Rond, President of the Inter-Allied Commission, of favoring the Poles. Franco-British negotiations were difficult, before and after the March 1921 plebiscite, which was won in a sweeping victory by the German population. Given the failure of talks, the decision was made to entrust the matter to the League of Nations.  This was in fact only a way to continue the Franco-British negotiations under the cover of the international organization. A compromise was finally reached, with the sharing of Upper Silesia of which Poland received the richest part but resentment remained deep
La Pologne vue de France : un aperçu historiographique
Lâhistoriographie française de la Pologne connaĂźt un certain dĂ©veloppement depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1980, en privilĂ©giant lâĂ©tude du XXe siĂšcle, en particulier les pĂ©riodes de lâentre-deux-guerres et surtout de la DeuxiĂšme Guerre mondiale. La recherche rĂ©cente a cependant permis dâapprofondir nos connaissances sur lâhistoire de la Pologne depuis le XVIe siĂšcle. Moins prolifique que la production bibliographique britannique ou amĂ©ricaine, la recherche  française est sur la voie dâun Ă©largissement des champs de recherche Ă des problĂ©matiques qui intĂšgrent non seulement la dimension politique de lâhistoire, mais Ă©galement lâĂ©conomie, la culture, lâhistoire des mentalitĂ©s. Elle sâappuie en grande partie sur lâhistoriographie polonaise dont les dĂ©bats rejaillissent jusquâen France et sur un travail en relation avec les chercheurs polonais que rendent possible les rencontres scientifiques et les Ă©changes universitaires de plus en plus nombreux.Poland viewed from France: an historiographic perspective. French historiography of Poland has seen some development since the early 1980s, focusing on the study of the twentieth century, particularly the periods between the two world wars and above all the Second World War. Recent research, however, has deepened our knowledge of the history of Poland since the sixteenth century. Less prolific than British or American bibliographic work, French research is on a path of broadening the field of research with issues that include not only the political dimension of history, but also economic, cultural, history of attitudes. It relies heavily on Polish historiography, the debates of which spill over to France, and on related work with Polish researchers that makes possible increasingly numerous scientific meetings and academic exchanges
La Roumanie et la Pologne dans la politique soviĂ©tique de la France : la difficultĂ© dâĂ©tablir un « front uni »
De 1924 Ă 1935, les relations entre la France, la Roumanie et la Pologne vis-Ă -vis de lâUnion soviĂ©tique sont marquĂ©es par la volontĂ© française dâasseoir son influence en Europe centre-orientale. Paris entend maintenir une unitĂ© de front entre ses deux alliĂ©s dans le but de forger une force dissuasive face Ă lâEst et dâĂ©viter toute implication directe dans la rĂ©gion. LâunitĂ© polono-roumaine doit Ă©galement permettre de tenir Berlin et Moscou Ă©loignĂ©es lâune de lâautre. De 1924 au protocole Litvinov de 1929, Paris mĂšne un jeu complexe consistant Ă soutenir ses alliĂ©s en Ă©vitant toute tension avec leur voisine soviĂ©tique. Avec lâimplication progressive de lâUnion soviĂ©tique dans les questions de sĂ©curitĂ© en Europe, la cohĂ©sion franco-polono-roumaine perd de sa vigueur. ConcentrĂ©e sur le problĂšme de la Bessarabie, Bucarest est un obstacle au rapprochement franco-soviĂ©tique et polono-soviĂ©tique. A partir de 1933, au moment oĂč la Roumanie sâinscrit dans lâaxe reliant Paris Ă Moscou, la Pologne refuse la politique de sĂ©curitĂ© française et entend mener une politique dâĂ©quilibre bilatĂ©ral entre lâAllemagne et lâURSS. Ă la fin de 1935, le manque de cohĂ©rence entre les trois alliĂ©s ne peut que profiter Ă une Allemagne nazie dĂ©sormais prĂȘte aux coups de force.Romania and Poland in the French soviet politic: the difficulty establishing a close front. From 1924 to 1935 relations between France, Romania and Poland âvis-Ă -visâ the Soviet Union were marked by a French desire to embed its influence in east-central Europe. Paris sought to maintain a united front between its two allies with a view to forging a deterrent force facing eastwards, and at the same time avoid all direct involvement in the region herself. Polish-Romanian unity was also designed to keep a distance between Germany and the USSR. Between 1924 and the Litvinov Protocol of 1929, the French pursued a complex game that entailed supporting their allies whilst avoiding any tension with their Soviet neighbour. With the steadily growing involvement of the USSR in questions of European security, however, Franco-Polish-Romanian cohesion gradually weakened. Focused as it was on the problem of Bessarabia, Romania proved to be an obstacle to both Franco-Soviet and Polish-Soviet rapprochements. From 1933, when Romania joined the axis that re-linked Paris to Moscow, Poland rejected Franceâs security policy and embarked on its own policy of pursuing a bilateral equilibrium between Germany on the one hand and the USSR on the other. At the end of 1935 the lack of coherence between the three allies could only benefit Nazi Germany which was henceforth ready to stage coups de force
La Roumanie et la Pologne dans la politique soviĂ©tique de la France : la difficultĂ© dâĂ©tablir un « front uni »
De 1924 Ă 1935, les relations entre la France, la Roumanie et la Pologne vis-Ă -vis de lâUnion soviĂ©tique sont marquĂ©es par la volontĂ© française dâasseoir son influence en Europe centre-orientale. Paris entend maintenir une unitĂ© de front entre ses deux alliĂ©s dans le but de forger une force dissuasive face Ă lâEst et dâĂ©viter toute implication directe dans la rĂ©gion. LâunitĂ© polono-roumaine doit Ă©galement permettre de tenir Berlin et Moscou Ă©loignĂ©es lâune de lâautre. De 1924 au protocole Litvinov de 1929, Paris mĂšne un jeu complexe consistant Ă soutenir ses alliĂ©s en Ă©vitant toute tension avec leur voisine soviĂ©tique. Avec lâimplication progressive de lâUnion soviĂ©tique dans les questions de sĂ©curitĂ© en Europe, la cohĂ©sion franco-polono-roumaine perd de sa vigueur. ConcentrĂ©e sur le problĂšme de la Bessarabie, Bucarest est un obstacle au rapprochement franco-soviĂ©tique et polono-soviĂ©tique. A partir de 1933, au moment oĂč la Roumanie sâinscrit dans lâaxe reliant Paris Ă Moscou, la Pologne refuse la politique de sĂ©curitĂ© française et entend mener une politique dâĂ©quilibre bilatĂ©ral entre lâAllemagne et lâURSS. Ă la fin de 1935, le manque de cohĂ©rence entre les trois alliĂ©s ne peut que profiter Ă une Allemagne nazie dĂ©sormais prĂȘte aux coups de force.Romania and Poland in the French soviet politic: the difficulty establishing a close front. From 1924 to 1935 relations between France, Romania and Poland âvis-Ă -visâ the Soviet Union were marked by a French desire to embed its influence in east-central Europe. Paris sought to maintain a united front between its two allies with a view to forging a deterrent force facing eastwards, and at the same time avoid all direct involvement in the region herself. Polish-Romanian unity was also designed to keep a distance between Germany and the USSR. Between 1924 and the Litvinov Protocol of 1929, the French pursued a complex game that entailed supporting their allies whilst avoiding any tension with their Soviet neighbour. With the steadily growing involvement of the USSR in questions of European security, however, Franco-Polish-Romanian cohesion gradually weakened. Focused as it was on the problem of Bessarabia, Romania proved to be an obstacle to both Franco-Soviet and Polish-Soviet rapprochements. From 1933, when Romania joined the axis that re-linked Paris to Moscow, Poland rejected Franceâs security policy and embarked on its own policy of pursuing a bilateral equilibrium between Germany on the one hand and the USSR on the other. At the end of 1935 the lack of coherence between the three allies could only benefit Nazi Germany which was henceforth ready to stage coups de force
Descriptions de lâEurope « orientale » par les militaires français dans les confins dâempires avant la Grande Guerre
Dans les dĂ©cennies qui prĂ©cĂšdent la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale et dans le contexte de lâalliance militaire franco-russe, les travaux des gĂ©ographes militaires et les rapports des officiers envoyĂ©s en Europe centrale et orientale reflĂštent les prĂ©occupations stratĂ©giques françaises de lâĂ©poque. Ă partir de lâobservation de situations locales, gĂ©ographiques ou militaires, les rĂ©dacteurs dĂ©crivent les confins des empires centraux et de lâEmpire russe. Sous leur plume, les territoires Ă©tudiĂ©s ont surtout vocation Ă ĂȘtre les « marches militaires » des empires. Ils portent donc les caractĂ©ristiques de zones sujettes aux conflits rĂ©pĂ©titifs, condamnĂ©es Ă demeurer les voies de passage des armĂ©es dâinvasion, et donc destinĂ©es Ă redevenir les thĂ©Ăątres des futurs conflits. Câest pourquoi les militaires français sâattachent Ă fournir les informations les plus fiables possibles (mĂȘme si elles ne sont pas toujours exemptes de prĂ©jugĂ©s) sur les armĂ©es des pays de la rĂ©gion, sur les diffĂ©rentes situations politiques et sur lâĂ©tat dâesprit des populations. Les travaux demeurent toutefois peu nombreux et, sâils permettent au Haut commandement militaire dâacquĂ©rir une documentation dĂ©taillĂ©e, ils dĂ©passent rarement le milieu restreint du lectorat militaire.In the context of the Franco-Russian alliance during the decades before WW I, the reports made by the military geographers and officers sent to central and eastern Europe reflected Franceâs strategic preoccupations. From observations of local, geographical or military conditions, these officers and diplomats wrote about the confines of the empires to the east. Under their pen, the territories they surveyed were mainly destined to be âmilitary marchlandsâ for these empires. Bearing the characteristics of areas riven by repeated conflicts, they were fated to serve as the route for invading armies and become, once again, the theater of future wars. For this reason, these French officers tried to provide information as reliable as possible, even though it was not always unbiased, on the armies of countries in the region, the political situation and the state of public opinions there. These writings, though not numerous, did provide the French high command with detailed information; but they were seldom read outside the military
France and the Treaty of Riga: The Problem of Guaranteeing the Eastern Border of Poland
Seen from Paris, the Treaty of Riga brought a welcome end to the Soviet-Polish war and completed the drawing of Europeâs new borders. However, there remained no guarantee of stability in Eastern Europe. From 1918, successive French governments supported a âstrong Polandâ to further their strategic aims in Europe. But both French and Polish diplomatic archives reveal the crux of the problem: the Treaty of Riga could sow the seeds of future conâicts with Russia (still considered a European power). Moreover, the events of the early 1920s jeopardized the relationship between Poland and Lithuania. For these reasons France remained unwilling to guarantee the boundaries that issued from the Treaty of Riga and was similarly reluctant to support Warsawâs regional plans
La France et les frontiĂšres de lâEst europĂ©en dans les annĂ©es 1920
Dans les annĂ©es 1920, les litiges frontaliers entre la Russie et ses voisins occidentaux, de mĂȘme quâentre les Ătats de la rĂ©gion, font de la question des frontiĂšres de lâEst europĂ©en le danger le plus vivace contre la conservation du statu quo europĂ©en. Les intĂ©rĂȘts stratĂ©giques français, visant Ă constituer un ensemble homogĂšne Ă lâest de lâAllemagne et Ă tenir sĂ©parĂ©es Berlin et Moscou, sont dĂ©terminants dans lâĂ©laboration des frontiĂšres. Paris montre rapidement son intention de sâappuyer ..