Veri zarflama analizi ile bankacılıkta göreceli verimlilik ölçümü

Ülkemizde bankalar genellikle finansal aracılık kaynağı olarak hizmet vermektedirler. Finansal aracılıktaki temel amaç en uygun şartlarda kredi temin etmek ve bu krediyi gereksinimi olanlara yine en uygun şartlarda sunmaktır. Kamu ya da özel olsun tüm bankalar karlılık amacıyla hizmet vermek durumundadırlar. Bankaların bu karlılığa ulaşabilmeleri verimli işletilmeleri ile mümkündür. Verimliliğin ölçülmesi tek bir faktöre bağlı değildir. Finansal aracılık işlemi sürecindeki tüm girdi-çıktı faktörlerinin aynı hesaplamada dikkate alınması daha gerçekçi sonuçlar verecektir. Bu durumda, birden çok girdi ve çıktıyı aynı anda dikkate alan VZA araştırmacılar için önemli bir araç olacaktır. VZA, karar verme birimlerinin en iyi girdi/çıktı bileşimini bulmasını sağlar. Bu yapısı itibariyle yöneticiler için uygun ve güçlü bir karar destek sistem aracı olabilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye' deki 37 ticaret bankası dört girdi ve dört çıktı faktörüyle analiz edilmiştir. CCR ve BCC modelleriyle yapılan analizler benzer sonuçlar göstermiştir. Bankaların % 48,6' sının verimli, % 51,4' nün verimsiz biçimde işletildikleri gözlenmiştir. Bilinenin aksine, kamu bankalarının % 50,0' si verimli bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, verimsiz bankalar ortalama olarak 48,6 şubesini, 1.217,3 personelini, 118.512,8 milyar TL toplam aktifini, 37.877,5 milyar TL toplam faiz giderini verimsiz kullanmaktadır. Eğer bu verimsiz bankalar etkin olarak işletilmiş olsalardı, ortalama olarak 2.869,5 milyar TL net dönem karı, 14.098,6 milyar TL toplam kredi ve 10.472,6 milyar TL toplam mevduatı üretmiş olacaklardı. Verimli bankaların referans gösterilme sıklıklarına göre sınıflandırılmalarında ise yüksek referans kümesinde sadece özel mülkiyetli bankalar yer alırken, kamu mülkiyetli bankalardan birisi düşük referans kümesinde, diğeri de tek referans kümesinde yer almaktadır.\ud Banks in Turkey usually serve as a source of financial intermediation. The main purpose in financial intermediation is to find appropriate credit and lend it to the demanders by the appropriate conditions. Public-owned or private-owned, all the banks should be in service by the aim of profitability. It is possible for these banks to reach that profitability by productive operating. Measurement of productivity does not depend on a single factor. In the financial intermediation, taking all input and output factors in to account in the same calculation session will give more realistic results. In this case, chosing the DEA method, which can deal with multiple input and output factors, will be an important tool for the researchers. DEA provides the Decision Making Units to find out the best input/output compound. DEA, thus may be an appropriate and powerful decision support system tool for the managers. In this study, in Turkey, 37 commercial banks with four input and four output factors have been analysed. The analyses conducted with the CCR and BCC models have been showed the similar results. It has been found out that 48,6 % of banks are operating efficiently and 51,4 % of banks are not. As a contrast with the known, 50 % of public-owned banks has been found efficient. The results are showed that, inefficient banks were used inefficiently of their 48,6 branches, 1.217,3 staff, 118.512,8 billion TL total assets and 37.877,5 billion TL total interest expenses. If these inefficient banks had been operated efficiently, 2.869,5 billion TL net profits, 14.098,6 billion TL total credits and 10.472,6 billion TL total deposits would have been produced. According to the classification of efficient banks by their reference frequencies, only the private-owned banks were placed in high reference set, while one of the publicowned banks was placed in low reference set and the other was placed in one reference set

The epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, radiology, microbiology, treatment, and prognosis of echinococcosis: Results of NENEHATUN study

Aim: Echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus species, is an important zoonotic disease causing major health problems in humans and animals. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory parameters, radiological, serological, pathological, and treatment protocols of followed-up cases of hydatidosis. Methods: A total of 550 patients diagnosed with hydatid cyst disease were included in this study. Patients who were positive for one or more of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or indirect hemagglutination test, pathological results, or radiological findings were examined. The data analyzed were collected from nine centers between 2008 and 2020. Records were examined retrospectively. Results: Among the patients, 292 (53.1%) were women and 258 (46.9%) were men. The patients' mean age was 44.4 +/- 17.4 years. A history of living in rural areas was recorded in 57.4% of the patients. A total of 435 (79.1%) patients were symptomatic. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain in 277 (50.4%), listlessness in 244 (44.4%), and cough in 140 (25.5%) patients. Hepatomegaly was found in 147 (26.7%), and decreased breath sounds were observed in 124 (22.5%) patients. Radiological examination was performed in all cases and serological methods were also applied to 428 (77.8%) patients. The most frequently applied serological test was IHA (37.8%). A single cyst has been found in 66% patients. Hepatic involvement occurred in 327 (59.4%), pulmonary involvement was found in 128 (23.3%), whereas both of them were recorded in 43 (7.8%) patients. Splenic involvement was only detected in nine (1.6%) patients. Echinococcus granulosus (72.5%) was most frequently detected. Cyst diameters of 56.9% of the patients were in the range of 5-10 cm. A total of 414 (75.2%) patients received albendazole as an antiparasitic. Mortality was noted in nine (1.6%) patients. Conclusion: Echinococcosis is an important public health problem in Turkey. It can affect the social, economic, and political structures of the community. Public education and awareness are extremely important

Social responsibility in apparel supply chains : exploring drivers, enablers, and barriers in Vietnam and Indonesia

A distinctive highlight of the dissertation at hand is the investigation of multiple apparel supply chain actors incorporating the views of a global apparel retailer in Europe and multiple suppliers in Vietnam and Indonesia. More specifically, the dissertation presents a coherent investigation starting with the depiction of a conceptual framework for social management strategies as a means for social risk management (SRM), exclusively aiming at the apparel industry. In accordance to the identified research gaps and suggested research directions from the conceptual framework, the role of the apparel sourcing agent for social management strategies was analysed by conducting a multiple case study approach with evidence from Vietnam and Europe, ultimately suggesting ten propositions. Whereas a further multiple case study data collection in Vietnam, Indonesia and Europe allowed for the investigation of buyer-supplier relationships with regards to social compliance strategies by using core tenets of agency theory to interpret the findings and outline ten propositions. Based on the development of a conceptual framework on social SSCM in the apparel industry, the formulation of related 20 propositions with evidence from crucial developing (apparel sourcing) countries, and the application of agency theory which has been declared as a shortfall in this context, this thesis contributes with further grounding to SSCM theory and substantially contributes to the debate by addressing numerous research gaps

Impact of brand and country image on the perception of sustainability in the fashion business

The fashion and textile industry is presently confronted to participate in the sustainability movement and society demands corporate social responsibility. Today, it is crucial for fashion companies to be able to measure, monitor and improve environmental and social performance, due to the fact that there is a heightened awareness of sustainable practices by stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to investigate fashion consumers on their sustainable perception of a fashion company. More specifically, the objective of this study is to highlight the fashion consumer`s awareness in regards to the sustainable practices of a fashion company by considering the brand and country image factors. An experimental research design was utilized for the study and the researcher surveyed 120 fashion students. The basis of the surveys within the experiment is the present sustainable practice of the fashion brand H&M. This research aims to understand, if and how fashion consumers are influenced by a fashion brand image or its souring practices, when it comes to evaluate the sustainable performance of a fashion company. Results show that participants have significantly different perceptions when considering the fashion brand image of H&M on the one hand and the sourcing countries of H&M on the other. The result of this research provides useful information about the actual state of affairs in sustainable knowledge of the consumer and the related power of a brand's image and its sourcing strategies

Influences of sustainability labels on fashion buying behaviour : a study on the example of Fair Trade in Germany

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to find out the influences of sustainability labels on fashion buying behaviour. Despite key information about Fair Trade is provided in all stores of the sample company, customers seem not to be aware of the Fair Trade concept. Therefore this paper aims to give recommendations for a fashion retailer in terms of elucidation about Fair Trade by answering the following research questions: Which influences do sustainability labels wield on customer´s buying behaviour? Are consumers of textile products aware of the function and backgrounds of the Fair Trade label? Design/methodology/approach: A paper-based questionnaire was administered to 128 customers of a German fashion retailer "Adler Modemärkte AG" in four city stores from which 127 were correctly completed. Additionally an adjusted self-completion questionnaire administered to 50.000 customers online from which a total of 1.712 were correctly completed. Descriptive analysis and cross tabulations were applied to abstract the main research findings and evaluate the hypotheses. Findings: Key findings suggest that Adler should either enhance their communication strategy regarding Fair Trade or remove Fair Trade products from the assortment, as the majority of respondents are not aware of Adlers´ Fair Trade products. The Fair Trade label could neither be identified as consumer-barrier nor sales support. Further findings revealed participants have more knowledge about Fair Trade than initially assumed. Research limitations/implications: Majorly women aged between 56 and 75 participated in the survey. Findings are limited to geography, the target group of the fashion retailer Adler, gender, age group and the research method questionnaire

Sustainable fashion supply chain : adaption of the SSI-index for profiling the sustainability of fashion companies

Due to the increasing awareness of social and environmental issues of the consumer, sustainability has become significantly important in the fashion businesses. Therefore, developing a sustainable supply chain is crucial for fashion companies to meet consumer´s consciousness. According to Bin Shen (2014), the Fast Fashion Retailer H&M is more likely to select suppliers in countries with a low score on the human wellbeing factor of the Sustainable Society Index (SSI). This paper extends the findings of Bin Shen (2014) and investigates fashion firms of different segments on their scoring at the 8 underlying categories of the SSI. This approach let the researcher assume that fashion firms of different segments which are active in sustainability are selecting their suppliers in countries with a low degree on the 8 categories of the SSI. Consequently, by utilising the SSI as a tool, the findings of this paper will be helpful to profile and compare Fashion companies of different segments in their supplier selection in regards to sustainability

Social sustainable supply chain management in the textile and apparel industry : a literature review

So far, a vast amount of studies on sustainability in supply chain management have been conducted by academics over the last decade. Nevertheless, socially related aspects are still neglected in the related discussion. The primary motivation of the present literature review has arisen from this shortcoming, thus the key purpose of this study is to enrich the discussion by providing a state of-the-art, focusing exclusively on social issues in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) by considering the textile/apparel sector as the field of application. The authors conduct a literature review, including content analysis which covers 45 articles published in English peer-reviewed journals, and proposes a comprehensive map which integrates the latest findings on socially related practices in the textile/apparel industry with the dominant conceptualization in order to reveal potential research areas in the field. The results show an ongoing lack of investigation regarding the social dimension of the triple bottom line in SSCM. Findings indicate that a company’s internal orientation is the main assisting factor in sustainable supply chain management practices. Further, supplier collaboration and assessment can be interpreted as an offer for suppliers deriving from stakeholders and a focal company’s management of social risk. Nevertheless, suppliers do also face or even create huge barriers in improving their social performance. This calls for more empirical research and qualitative or quantitative survey methods, especially at the supplier level located in developing countries

Review of the Proposals in the Forthcoming 8th TNM Classification of Lung Cancer

Staging of lung cancer is a key factor for both prognostication and management of patients. Thus, there is a need for an accurate, uncomplicated, easily reproducible staging system. The database of the 8th TNM (T: Tumor, N: Node, M: Metastasis) classification is based on information gathered from 94,708 patients who received diagnoses of lung cancer between 1999 and 2010, originating from 35 sources in 16 countries. Data analysis was performed in 2013–2014 regarding proposals put forward for the 8th edition and was published in the Journal of Thoracic Oncology. It is thought that the 8th edition will be used in 2017. In this edition, tumor diameter is more important and each centimeter counts (T1a: ≤1 cm, T1b: >1 cm but ≤2 cm, T1c: >2 cm but ≤3 cm, T2a: >3 cm but ≤4 cm, T2b: >4 cm but ≤5 cm, T3: >5 cm but ≤7 cm, and T4: >7 cm). There are changes in some T descriptors such as main bronchus involvement (T2), total atelectasis/pneumonitis (T2), involvement of diaphragm (T4), and mediastinal pleural invasion (not used as T descriptor). Current N staging is still valid; however, there are clues for the importance of the abundance of nodal involvement. Three metastatic groups are defined: M1a (contralateral/bilateral tumor nodules, pleural/pericardial nodules or effusion), M1b (single metastatic lesion in one organ), and M1c (multiple metastasis in either single or multiple organs). More stage groupings demonstrating good prognostic categories are proposed. These changes do not have much implication on treatment. The proposed taxonomic changes do not affect therapeutic modalities. However, care should be taken to follow up for small pulmonary nodules

Social sustainability in fashion supply chains : understanding social standard implementation failures in Vietnam and Indonesia using agency theory

This paper explores why and how dominant international social standards used in the fashion industry are prone to implementation failures. A qualitative multiple-case study method was conducted, using purposive sampling to select 13 apparel supply chain actors. Data were collected through on-site semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The findings of the study are interpreted by using core tenets of agency theory. The case study findings clearly highlight why and how multi-tier apparel supply chains fail to implement social standards effectively. As a consequence of substantial goal conflicts and information asymmetries, sourcing agents and suppliers are driven to perform opportunistic behaviors in form of hidden characteristics, hidden intentions, and hidden actions, which significantly harm social standards. Fashion retailers need to empower their corporate social responsibility (CSR) departments by awarding an integrative role to sourcing decisions. Moreover, accurate calculation of orders, risk sharing, cost sharing, price premiums, and especially guaranteed order continuity for social compliance are critical to reduce opportunistic behaviors upstream of the supply chain. The development of social standards is highly suggested, e.g., by including novel metrics such as the assessment of buying practices or the evaluation of capacity planning at factories and the strict inclusion of subcontractors’ social performances. This paper presents evidence from multiple Vietnamese and Indonesian cases involving sourcing agents as well as Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers on a highly sensitive topic. With the development of the conceptual framework and the formulation of seven related novel propositions, this paper unveils the ineffectiveness of social standards, offers guidance for practitioners, and contributes to the neglected social dimension in sustainable supply chain management research and accountability literature