The place of D-dimer and L-lactate levels in the early diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia

INTRODUCTION: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is an abdominal-vascular emergency which is rare and has high mortality rates (60-80 %) due to late diagnosis (1-3). Although it is known that extravascular reasons like intestinal intussusception, volvulus, strangulated hernias and obstructions can cause intestinal gangrene, these are rarely the cause of AMI (1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we used male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250-300 grams obtained from Pamukkale University Experimental Research Laboratory. Animals were exposed to light-dark cycles for 12 hours and had free access to food and water. They were kept in cages for 7 days to stabilise their intestinal flora. In animals of group I, nothing was made other than taking 0.5 ml blood intracardially. In other animals, abdomen was reached with midline laparotomy and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was located. In group II (operative control group), SMA was isolated and manipulated but was not ligated. In Group III (intestinal ischemia group), SMAwas isolated and ligated with 3/0 silk tie distally to the aorta. After this process, intestinal ischemia was achieved which was confirmed by paleness and pulselessness of intestines, caecum and right colon. Later on, abdomen was closed with double 3/0 polyglactin sutures. At postoperative 1st, 4th and 6th hours 0.5 ml blood was taken intracardially from the animals in groups II and III in order to quantify D-dimer and L-lactate levels. LABORATORY TESTS: D-dimer: Blood samples which were put into tubes containing sodium citrate, were seperated from plasma with centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 7 minutes. L-lactate: Blood L-lactate levels were determined from blood taken into capillary tubes with the help of immobilised enzyme electrode technology using YSI 1500 Sport portative lactate analyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments Inc., Ohio-USA). HISTOPATHOLOGIC VERIFICATION: Two cm long intestinal samples were taken from animals in which SMA was ligated in order to achieve mesenteric ischemia and these samples were fixed in 10 % formol. DISCUSSION: As a result, in rats with SMA occlusion serum D-dimer levels were not increased significantly when compared either in the group or with the basal values of the control group and values in operative control group. Therefore, it is concluded that D-dimer is not a useful marker for early diagnosis of AMI. On the other hand, it is revealed that blood L-lactate levels began to increase significantly following 4th hour of mesenteric ischemia and it is shown that this increase continued at the 6th hour. In addition, considering the utmost importance of the early diagnosis in patients with the clinical suspicion of AMI, L-lactate seems to be a suitable marker to use in emergency departments because it is achieved with a portable device that gives fast and accurate results. Nevertheless, our results are need to be supported by clinical studies with larger patient series (Tab. 2, Fig. 11, Ref. 39). Text in PDF www.elis.sk

Acute brucella melitensis M16 infection model in mice treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors

Introduction: There is limited data in the literature about brucellosis related to an intracellular pathogen and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) medication. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute Brucella infections in mice receiving anti-TNFα drug treatment. Methodology: Anti-TNFα drugs were injected in mice on the first and fifth days of the study, after which the mice were infected with B. melitensis M16 strain. Mice were sacrificed on the fourteenth day after infection. Bacterial loads in the liver and spleen were defined, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Results: Neither the liver nor the spleen showed an increased bacterial load in all anti-TNFα drug groups when compared to a non-treated, infected group. The most significant histopathological findings were neutrophil infiltrations in the red pulp of the spleen and apoptotic cells with hepatocellular pleomorphism in the liver. There was no significant difference among the groups in terms of previously reported histopathological findings, such as extramedullary hematopoiesis and granuloma formation. Conclusions: There were no differences in hepatic and splenic bacterial load and granuloma formation, which indicate worsening of the acute Brucella infection in mice; in other words, anti-TNFα treatment did not exacerbate the acute Brucella spp. infection in mice. © 2015 Kutlu et al

Morphology and volume measurement of pecten oculi by stereology in merlin (Falco columbarius)

Corpus vitreum içerisinde yer alan pecten oculi yüksek damarlaşma ve pigmentasyona sahiptir. Retinanın beslenmesinde ve hareket eden objelerin iyi görülmesi için yardımcı bir aygıt olduğundan gündüz avlanan kuşlar için büyük önem taşır. Araştırmada 5 adet ergin erkek bozdoğanın (Falco columbarius) pecten oculi’sinin morfolojik ve stereolojik incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Morfolojik incelemeler sonucu bozdoğan pecten oculi’sinin plikalı tipte ve 17-18 adet kıvrıma sahip olduğu, şeklinin çeşitkenar yamuğa benzediği saptandı. Bu yapıların ortalama uzunlukları ise 12.26 ± 0,21 mm (bazal), 7.97 ± 0,08 mm (apikal), 5.83 mm ± 0,12 (bazal-apikal arası) olarak tespit edildi. Stereolojik hacmi ise ortalama 17.28 ± 0,28 mm3 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bozdoğanda pecten oculi’nin morfolojik yapısı ortaya konarak stereolojik metotla hacmi hesaplanmış olup, tür ayrımında birçok çalışmaya kaynak olabileceği düşünüldü.Pecten oculi seeded in corpus vitreum poses high vascularisation and pigmentation. It very important for day-time hunter birds because it is involved in retinal nutrition and contributes for better vision to moving objects. In this study, morphologic and stereologic evaluation of pecten oculi in 5 Merlin (Falco columbarius) was carried out. It was observed that pecten oculi of merlin was plicated type with 17-18 convulations and resembled scalene trapezium in shape. Average lenght of these structures were 12.26 ± 0,21 (basal), 7.97 ± 0,08 mm (apical) and, 5.83 mm ± 0,12 (basal and apical intermission). The avarage stereological volume was 17.28 ± 0,28 mm3. It was concluded that morphology and the volume of pecten oculi by stereological approach were determined and the data generated here may be useful for the differentiation of species

Morphology and volume measurement of Bursa fabricius by stereology in merlin (falco columbarius)

Bursa fabricius (Bursa cloacalis veya Bursa fabricii) kanatlıların lenfoepitelial bir organı olup kanatlıların primer lenfoid organı organı olarak görev yapmaktadır. B lenfositlerinin gelişim ve farklılaşmasının yanında immunoglobulin izotip değişminden de sorumludur. Bursa fabricius cloaca’ya açılan kanalında küçük bir T lenfosit kümesi bulunduğundan dolayı aynı zamanda sekonder lenfoid organ olarak da görülmektedir ancak erken dönemde organın gelişimi gerilemektedir. Bu çalışmada 5 adet ergin bozdoğandan (Falco columbarius) elde edilen bursa fabricius’lar üzerinde morfolojik ve stereolojik incelemeler yapıldı. Morfolojik incelemeler sonucunda bozdoğan’larda bursa fabricius’un cloaca üzerinde bulunduğu, bir kanal vasıtasıyla proctodeum’a açıldığı, şeklinin oval olduğu ve lümeninde mukoza katmanı tarafından yapılmış plikalar bulunduğu gözlemlendi. Bu yapıların boyu 15,62 ± 1,41 mm, eni en uzun bölgede 10.14 ± 0,66 mm en kısa bölgede ise 0.98 ± 0,07 mm olarak saptandı. Stereolojik yöntemle yapılan hesaplamalarda hacmi 0.190 ± 0,008 cm3 olarak tespit edildi. Bozdoğanda bursa fabricius’un morfolojik yapısı ortaya konarak stereolojik metotla hacmi hesaplanmış olup, kanatlılarda tür ayrımında ileride yapılacak çalışmalara kaynak olabileceği düşünüldü.Bursa fabricius (Bursa cloacalis or Bursa fabricii) is a lymphoepithelial organ of poultry and serves as the primary lymphoid organ. In addition to the development and differentiation of Bursa Fabricius B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin is also responsible for isotype change. Bursa fabricius is also seen as a secondary lymphoid organ due to the presence of a small T-lymphocyte cluster in the channel opening to cloaca, but early development of the organ is delayed. In this study, morphological and stereological examinations were performed on bursa fabricius obtained from 5 adult Merlin (Falco columbarius). Our morphological studies have shown that the bursa fabricius of merlin is located on the cloaca and that it is opened to proctodeum through a canal. We saw that it was oval shaped and had plums made by the mucosa layer in the lumen. The size of these structures was found to be 15,62 ± 1,41 mm, 10.14 ± 0,66 mm in the widest area and 0.98 ± 0,07 mm in the shortest area. The volume we calculated by the stereological methods was 0.190 ± 0,008 cm3. The morphological structure of bursa fabricius in merlin was determined and the volume was calculated by stereological method and it was thought that it might be the source of future studies in the species differentiation in poultry

Macroanatomical, subgross and stereological ınvestigation of the nerve nodes in the buffalo heart

Kalbin sinir düğümleri (nodus sinoatrialis ve nodus atrioventricularis) kendine has olan iletim sisteminin bir parçası olarak görev yapan birimler olup, kalbin normal ritminde çalışması için gerekli elektriksel iletimleri sağlar. Bu çalışmamızda yöresel olarak öneme sahip olan mandaların kalbinde sinir düğümlerini stereolojik metodlar kullanarak inceledik. Mezbahadan temin ettiğimiz manda kalplerinde öncelikle sinir düğümlerinin olduğu bölgeler diseke edildi ve %10’luk nötral formaldehit çözeltisinde tespit edildi. Doku takibi ve parafine gömme aşamalarının ardından sinoatriyal düğüm için ~1.7 mm, atriyoventriküler düğüm için ~0.9 mm aralıklar bırakılarak 5 μm kalınlığında kesitler alındı ve bu kesitlerde stereolojik olarak hesaplamalar yapıldı. İncelemelerimiz sonucu sinoatriyal düğümlerde daha soluk boyanan, daha küçük çapta lifler taşıyan ve perinüklear bölge hücreleri içeren düğüm bölgelerini tespit ettik ve ölçümlerimiz sonucu sinoatriyal düğüm boyutunu ~18mm x 2.9mm x 2mm, hacmini ise 122.83 mm3 olarak tespit ettik. Atriyoventriküler düğümün ise atrium dextrum’un duvarında endocardium’un hemen altında triküspit kapakçıklar hizasında ve os cordis’in hemen üzerinde olduğunu, bölge koroner arterlerinin ramus interventricularis’lerden çıkarak interatrial bölgeye giden damarlarla kanlandığını ve yine bu bölgede purkinje sinir hücrelerinin varlığını tespit ettik. Ölçümlerimiz sonucu atrioventriculer düğüm boyutunu ~9 mm x 4.3 mm x 3.1 mm, hacmini ise 119.03 mm3 olarak tespit ettik.Sinoatrial (SA) and Atrioventricular (AV) nodes are responsible for the nerve conduction of the hearth, that provides electricial signals for normal cardiac rhythm. In this study we investigated the nevre nodes of the water buffalos by means of the stereological methods. SA node and AV node from the water buffalo heart obtained from slaughter house were dissected and fixed into the 10 % neutral formaldehyte sollution. After the histological processing of the tissue, we investigated the serial sections in stereologically. The pale stained nodal areas that include smaller fibers and perinuclear cells were identified in sinoatrial nodes. The dimensions of the sinoatrial node were ~18 mm x 2.9 mm x 2 mm and the volume was 122.83 mm3. The atrioventricular node located just under the endocardium of the interatrial septum, at the level of valva tricuspitalis and above the os cordis. The dimensions of the atrioventriculer node were ~9 mm x 4.3 mm x 3.1 mm and the volume was 119.03 mm3

La Symphonie pastorale de Gide : un récit au carrefour de la théâtralité

L'expression « théâtre du monde » nous invite à penser, traditionnellement, le monde comme un théâtre et le théâtre comme un monde, dans un jeu de correspondance entre le microcosme et le macrocosme. Le cosmos comme un gigantesque théâtre contient une infinité d'autres théâtres et il détermine un parcours qui va du macrocosme de la création au microcosme de la créature. La société même est un lieu de théâtre où chacun de nous joue un rôle, celui d'un roi, ou celui de son serviteur. Quant à l'..

Enquête d'expérimentation sur l'impact de l'humour

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L'étudiant face au message humoristique

International audienc

Collocation et traduction: la couleur bleue

https://hispanistes.fr/index.php/publications/revue-hispanismesLas colocaciones son una cuestión crucial en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras así como una problemática central para la traducción. Los aprendientes encuentran serias dificultades a la hora de buscar equivalentes para estas combinaciones léxicas ya desde su L1 al francés o viceversa, puesto que dichas estructuras son propias de cada lengua y difieren más que coinciden. A menudo son opacas y escapan de la combinatoria léxica libre. A la vista de esta problemática, proponemos un estudio contrastivo de un elemento léxico altamente polisémico como es el color azul, en español, francés y turco en diferentes colocaciones.La question de la collocation est non seulement un problème didactique dans l’apprentissage d’une langue mais aussi l’une des problématiques importantes de la traduction. Les apprenants rencontrent de sérieuses difficultés lors de la recherche des équivalents des combinaisons lexicales de la L1 vers le français ou du français vers la L1 car les collocatifs des deux langues coïncident peu ou pas du tout. İls sont souvent imprévisibles et opaques. Nous proposons une étude contrastive du turc, de l’espagnol et du français à partir du collocatif bleu

"Pourquoi et comment l'interculturel peut-il devenir l'un des moyens d'intégration et de co-existence ?"

International audienceEn raison des conflits et des guerres, le flux migratoire est devenu un phénomène indéniable avec lequel il nous faut composer et gérer intelligemment. L‘un des problèmes importants vécus par les immigrés est celui de leur processus d’intégration. L’interculturalisme ne peut-il pas à juste raison devenir un moyen efficace afin d’éviter les "conflits de valeurs" vécus par ces personnes déplacées ? En effet, ces conflits mal gérés peuvent les pousser non seulement à la rupture culturelle et familiale, mais surtout à des sentiments de rejet de leur culture d’origine et à une image négative de soi et des autres. Ce sentiment peut les conduire à l’incongruence culturelle qui peut déclencher le découragement, l’anxiété, la dépression et finalement la marginalisation, voire même les délits. De surcroît, ces immigrants doivent faire face aux difficultés comme la discrimination, les préjugés, le choc culturel et aux conditions de travail souvent proches de l’exploitation pour survivre sans compter ceux qui sont sans travail et ceux qui restent (volontairement ou non) à l’écart de la société. En plus de vivre des difficultés d’adaptation à un nouveau pays (au sein d’, ces gens-là ne doivent-ils pas s’adapter à un nouvel environnement social, politique, culturel et linguistique, qui leur est complètement étranger au final ? L’interculturalisme et l’approche interculturelle ne peuvent-ils pas nous aider justement à mieux saisir toutes ces difficultés de compréhension et d’intégration linguistique qui permettra leur intégration économique, professionnelle et sociale ? L’approche interculturelle ne nous garantit-il pas de mieux combattre les différents obstacles aussi bien social, religieux et culturel ? Et, pour nous enseignants, comment ne pas comprendre ce dont peuvent souffrir ces immigrés, comment ne pas répondre à leurs besoins lorsque la langue n’est pas un simple véhicule de communication mais aussi un dialogue interculturel, une reconnaissance mutuelle, une sorte de contrat social et moral ? Comment garantir ce savoir co-vivre et co-exister indispensable pour notre intercompréhension et notre inter-paix ? Et, comment faire réussir leur intégration sans les marginaliser, sans laisser se dissoudre leur culture d’origine dans une acculturation infructueuse pour eux et pour nous ? D’où provient peut-être la nécessité du FLI (français langue d’intégration) qui veut surtout valoriser la compétence interculturelle visant le tandem "co-culture relationnelle/co-existentielle, co-actionnelle" visant l'acquisition d'une compétence relationnelle et d'un "savoir co-exister" mutuelle