The recent mediccal treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in our hospital

Septins are a family of 14 cytoskeletal proteins that dynamically form hetero-oligomers and organize membrane microdomains for protein complexes. The previously reported interactions withSNAREproteins suggested the involvement of septins in exocytosis. However, the contradictory results of up- or down-regulation of septin-5 in various cells and mouse models or septin-4 in mice suggested either an inhibitory or a stimulatory role for these septins in exocytosis. The involvement of the ubiquitously expressed septin-2 or general septin polymerization in exocytosis has not been explored to date. Here, by nano-LC with tandem MS and immunoblot analyses of the sep-tin-2 interactome in mouse brain, we identified not only SNARE proteins but also Munc-18-1 (stabilizes assembled SNARE complexes), N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) (disassembles SNARE complexes after each membrane fusion event), and the chaperones Hsc70 and synucleins (maintain functional conformation of SNARE proteins after complex disassembly). Importantly, α-soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), the adaptor protein that mediates NSF binding to the SNARE complex, did not interact with septin-2, indicating that septins undergo reorganization during each exocytosis cycle. Partial depletion of septin-2 by siRNA or impairment of septin dynamics by forchlorfenuron inhibited constitutive and stimulated exocytosis of secreted and transmembrane proteins in various cell types. Forchlorfenuron impaired the interaction between SNAP-25 and its chaperone Hsc70, decreasing SNAP-25 levels in cultured neuroendocrine cells, and inhibited both spontaneous and stimulated acetylcholine secretion in mouse motor neurons. The results demonstrate a stimulatory role of septin-2 and the dynamic reorganization of septin oligomers in exocytosis

Septin dynamics are essential for exocytosis

Septins are a family of 14 cytoskeletal proteins that dynamically form hetero-oligomers and organize membrane microdomains for protein complexes. The previously reported interactions withSNAREproteins suggested the involvement of septins in exocytosis. However, the contradictory results of up- or down-regulation of septin-5 in various cells and mouse models or septin-4 in mice suggested either an inhibitory or a stimulatory role for these septins in exocytosis. The involvement of the ubiquitously expressed septin-2 or general septin polymerization in exocytosis has not been explored to date. Here, by nano-LC with tandem MS and immunoblot analyses of the sep-tin-2 interactome in mouse brain, we identified not only SNARE proteins but also Munc-18-1 (stabilizes assembled SNARE complexes), N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) (disassembles SNARE complexes after each membrane fusion event), and the chaperones Hsc70 and synucleins (maintain functional conformation of SNARE proteins after complex disassembly). Importantly, α-soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), the adaptor protein that mediates NSF binding to the SNARE complex, did not interact with septin-2, indicating that septins undergo reorganization during each exocytosis cycle. Partial depletion of septin-2 by siRNA or impairment of septin dynamics by forchlorfenuron inhibited constitutive and stimulated exocytosis of secreted and transmembrane proteins in various cell types. Forchlorfenuron impaired the interaction between SNAP-25 and its chaperone Hsc70, decreasing SNAP-25 levels in cultured neuroendocrine cells, and inhibited both spontaneous and stimulated acetylcholine secretion in mouse motor neurons. The results demonstrate a stimulatory role of septin-2 and the dynamic reorganization of septin oligomers in exocytosis

Septin dynamics are essential for exocytosis

Septins are a family of 14 cytoskeletal proteins that dynamically form hetero-oligomers and organize membrane microdomains for protein complexes. The previously reported interactions withSNAREproteins suggested the involvement of septins in exocytosis. However, the contradictory results of up- or down-regulation of septin-5 in various cells and mouse models or septin-4 in mice suggested either an inhibitory or a stimulatory role for these septins in exocytosis. The involvement of the ubiquitously expressed septin-2 or general septin polymerization in exocytosis has not been explored to date. Here, by nano-LC with tandem MS and immunoblot analyses of the sep-tin-2 interactome in mouse brain, we identified not only SNARE proteins but also Munc-18-1 (stabilizes assembled SNARE complexes), N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) (disassembles SNARE complexes after each membrane fusion event), and the chaperones Hsc70 and synucleins (maintain functional conformation of SNARE proteins after complex disassembly). Importantly, α-soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), the adaptor protein that mediates NSF binding to the SNARE complex, did not interact with septin-2, indicating that septins undergo reorganization during each exocytosis cycle. Partial depletion of septin-2 by siRNA or impairment of septin dynamics by forchlorfenuron inhibited constitutive and stimulated exocytosis of secreted and transmembrane proteins in various cell types. Forchlorfenuron impaired the interaction between SNAP-25 and its chaperone Hsc70, decreasing SNAP-25 levels in cultured neuroendocrine cells, and inhibited both spontaneous and stimulated acetylcholine secretion in mouse motor neurons. The results demonstrate a stimulatory role of septin-2 and the dynamic reorganization of septin oligomers in exocytosis

The O-glycosylated ectodomain of FXYD5 impairs adhesion by disrupting cell-cell trans-dimerization of Na,K-ATPase β1 subunits

FXYD5 (also known as dysadherin), a regulatory subunit of the Na,K-ATPase, impairs intercellular adhesion by a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we determined whether FXYD5 disrupts the trans-dimerization of Na,K-ATPase molecules located in neighboring cells. Mutagenesis of the Na,K-ATPase β1 subunit identified four conserved residues, including Y199, that are crucial for the intercellular Na,K-ATPase trans-dimerization and adhesion. Modulation of expression of FXYD5 or of the β1 subunit with intact or mutated β1?β1 binding sites demonstrated that the anti-adhesive effect of FXYD5 depends on the presence of Y199 in the β1 subunit. Immunodetection of the plasma membrane FXYD5 was prevented by the presence of O-glycans. Partial FXYD5 deglycosylation enabled antibody binding and showed that the protein level and the degree of O-glycosylation were greater in cancer than in normal cells. FXYD5-induced impairment of adhesion was abolished by both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of FXYD5 O-glycosylation. Therefore, the extracellular O-glycosylated domain of FXYD5 impairs adhesion by interfering with intercellular β1?β1 interactions, suggesting that the ratio between FXYD5 and α1?β1 heterodimer determines whether the Na,K-ATPase acts as a positive or negative regulator of intercellular adhesion.Fil: Tokhtaeva, Elmira. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Sun, Haying. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Deiss Yehiely, Nimrod. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Wen, Yi. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Soni, Pritin N.. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Gabrielli, Nieves María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Marcus, Elizabeth A.. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Ridge, Karen M.. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Sachs, George. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Vazquez, Monica Hebe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sznajder, Jacob I.. Northwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Vagin, Olga. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Dada, Laura Andrea. Northwestern University; Estados Unido