10 research outputs found
Salagnac project : what is its contribution to local agricultural development and what are the lessons learnt from its experience ?
Depuis le milieu du 20Ăšme siĂšcle, lâagriculture haĂŻtienne a fait lâobjet de nombreuses interventions nationales et internationales visant Ă soutenir son dĂ©veloppement et contribuer Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire du pays. DiffĂ©rents projets ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ćuvre mais beaucoup nâont eu quâun rĂ©sultat limitĂ©, liĂ© au manque de comprĂ©hension des problĂšmes rencontrĂ©s par les paysans et au dĂ©calage des techniques prĂ©conisĂ©es.En rupture avec ce type dâintervention, le projet de Salagnac, conduit depuis 1973 dans une petite rĂ©gion agricole du sud du pays, a cherchĂ© Ă mettre en Ćuvre une dĂ©marche qui articulait la recherche, la formation et le dĂ©veloppement, en Ă©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs de la rĂ©gion et avec lâappui de nombreux chercheurs et agronomes. Ce projet a permis la mise en Ćuvre dâun ensemble cohĂ©rent dâinterventions - petite hydraulique, micro-crĂ©dit, infrastructures de transport, appui aux productions vĂ©gĂ©tales et animales â Ă lâorigine du dĂ©veloppement spectaculaire de la rĂ©gion, basĂ© sur lâessor des cultures maraĂźchĂšres destinĂ©es aux marchĂ©s de la capitale. Plus de trente ans aprĂšs ses dĂ©buts, le projet de Salagnac continue de porter ses fruits.A lâheure oĂč la rĂ©ussite de ce projet est mise en avant par le gouvernement, ce travail de recherche propose de comprendre les transformations de lâagriculture quâa permis ce projet et dâen Ă©valuer les effets afin de mesurer ses impacts sur le revenu des diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories dâagriculteurs et leur Ă©volution, les inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales et lâenvironnement. LâĂ©valuation repose sur la mesure du diffĂ©rentiel entre le scĂ©nario avec projet et celui qui aurait prĂ©valu en son absence, construit grĂące Ă une dĂ©marche comparative Ă partir dâautres rĂ©gions montagneuses du pays. Cette recherche a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur la base dâun travail de terrain minutieux comprenant la lecture de paysage et la conduite de cent cinquante entretiens approfondis auprĂšs dâagriculteurs ĂągĂ©s et en activitĂ©.Dans le contexte de libĂ©ralisation Ă©conomique des annĂ©es 1980, les agriculteurs ayant dĂ©marrĂ© la culture rĂ©munĂ©ratrice de chou primeur grĂące au projet ont Ă©tĂ© incitĂ©s Ă tirer parti de cet avantage comparatif en se spĂ©cialisant dans le maraichage. Cette spĂ©cialisation a cependant manifestĂ© ses limites Ă©conomiques et environnementales dans les annĂ©es 2000, dans un contexte macro-Ă©conomique dĂ©favorable.Le dĂ©veloppement de ces cultures Ă forte valeur ajoutĂ©e, qui sâest accompagnĂ© de lâaccroissement de la demande en travail journalier mieux rĂ©munĂ©rĂ© que dans le reste du pays, a permis dâaugmenter le revenu de lâensemble des agriculteurs, y compris pour les plus modestes dâentre eux qui ont pu ainsi poursuivre leur activitĂ© agricole, de maintenir un tissu rural dynamique et dâamĂ©liorer les conditions de vie dans la rĂ©gion. Il a nĂ©anmoins reposĂ© sur une forte intĂ©gration aux Ă©changes marchands qui a rendu ces exploitations particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rables Ă la volatilitĂ© des prix agricoles mondiaux. La comprĂ©hension des conditions Ă lâorigine de la rĂ©ussite et la pĂ©rennisation du projet de Salagnac met en lumiĂšre celles nĂ©cessaires Ă rĂ©unir pour reproduire ce type de dĂ©marche dans dâautres rĂ©gions du pays et contribue, de maniĂšre plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, Ă enrichir la rĂ©flexion sur les modalitĂ©s dâinterventions en matiĂšre de dĂ©veloppement agricole en HaĂŻti.Since the mid-twentieth century, Haitian agriculture has been the subject of many national and international interventions to support its development and contribute to the country's food security. Various projects have been implemented but many have had only limited results, due to lack of understanding of the problems faced by farmers and to the gap in recommended techniques.In opposition with this type of intervention, Salagnac project which has started since 1973 in a small rural area in the south of the country aimed to implement an approach that articulated research, training and development, in close collaboration with farmers and with the support of many researchers and agronomists. This project enabled the implementation of a coherent set of interventions - small water tanks and reservoirs, micro-credit, transport infrastructure, support to crop and livestock production. It has led to the spectacular development of the region, based on the market gardening increased production sold in Port-au-Prince market. More than thirty years after its beginnings, Salagnac project continues to bear fruit.While the government highlights the success of this project, this research project proposes to understand the farming transformations thanks to this project and to assess its effects in order to measure its impacts on farmers income and their evolution, social inequalities and environmental conservation. The assessment is based on the evaluation of the gap between the scenario with project and the one which would have prevailed in its absence, built thanks to a comparative approach from other mountainous regions of the country. This research was conducted on the basis of substantial fieldwork, including landscape analysis and 150 in-depth interviews with older and active farmers.In the economic liberalization context of the 1980s, farmers who started cropping the remunerative cabbage culture thanks to the project were encouraged to benefit from this comparative advantage in specializing their farm in market gardening. However, this specialization showed its economic and environmental limits in the 2000s, in an unfavorable macroeconomic context.The development of these high value-added crops which has been led by an increased demand for better paid daily labor than in the rest of the country has increased all farmersâ incomes, including the poorest who have been able to continue farming. This development has also maintained a vibrant rural fabric and improved living conditions in the region. Nevertheless, this development was based on a strong market integration, making these farms particularly vulnerable to the volatility of world agricultural prices. Understanding the circumstances that have led to the success and sustainability of Salagnac project highlights the necessary conditions to bring this type of approach to other regions of the country and contributes, more generally, to enriching the thinking on intervention modalities in the field of agricultural development in Haiti
Le projet de Salagnac : quelle contribution au dĂ©veloppement de lâagriculture locale et quels enseignements de portĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale ?
Since the mid-twentieth century, Haitian agriculture has been the subject of many national and international interventions to support its development and contribute to the country's food security. Various projects have been implemented but many have had only limited results, due to lack of understanding of the problems faced by farmers and to the gap in recommended techniques.In opposition with this type of intervention, Salagnac project which has started since 1973 in a small rural area in the south of the country aimed to implement an approach that articulated research, training and development, in close collaboration with farmers and with the support of many researchers and agronomists. This project enabled the implementation of a coherent set of interventions - small water tanks and reservoirs, micro-credit, transport infrastructure, support to crop and livestock production. It has led to the spectacular development of the region, based on the market gardening increased production sold in Port-au-Prince market. More than thirty years after its beginnings, Salagnac project continues to bear fruit.While the government highlights the success of this project, this research project proposes to understand the farming transformations thanks to this project and to assess its effects in order to measure its impacts on farmers income and their evolution, social inequalities and environmental conservation. The assessment is based on the evaluation of the gap between the scenario with project and the one which would have prevailed in its absence, built thanks to a comparative approach from other mountainous regions of the country. This research was conducted on the basis of substantial fieldwork, including landscape analysis and 150 in-depth interviews with older and active farmers.In the economic liberalization context of the 1980s, farmers who started cropping the remunerative cabbage culture thanks to the project were encouraged to benefit from this comparative advantage in specializing their farm in market gardening. However, this specialization showed its economic and environmental limits in the 2000s, in an unfavorable macroeconomic context.The development of these high value-added crops which has been led by an increased demand for better paid daily labor than in the rest of the country has increased all farmersâ incomes, including the poorest who have been able to continue farming. This development has also maintained a vibrant rural fabric and improved living conditions in the region. Nevertheless, this development was based on a strong market integration, making these farms particularly vulnerable to the volatility of world agricultural prices. Understanding the circumstances that have led to the success and sustainability of Salagnac project highlights the necessary conditions to bring this type of approach to other regions of the country and contributes, more generally, to enriching the thinking on intervention modalities in the field of agricultural development in Haiti.Depuis le milieu du 20Ăšme siĂšcle, lâagriculture haĂŻtienne a fait lâobjet de nombreuses interventions nationales et internationales visant Ă soutenir son dĂ©veloppement et contribuer Ă la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire du pays. DiffĂ©rents projets ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ćuvre mais beaucoup nâont eu quâun rĂ©sultat limitĂ©, liĂ© au manque de comprĂ©hension des problĂšmes rencontrĂ©s par les paysans et au dĂ©calage des techniques prĂ©conisĂ©es.En rupture avec ce type dâintervention, le projet de Salagnac, conduit depuis 1973 dans une petite rĂ©gion agricole du sud du pays, a cherchĂ© Ă mettre en Ćuvre une dĂ©marche qui articulait la recherche, la formation et le dĂ©veloppement, en Ă©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs de la rĂ©gion et avec lâappui de nombreux chercheurs et agronomes. Ce projet a permis la mise en Ćuvre dâun ensemble cohĂ©rent dâinterventions - petite hydraulique, micro-crĂ©dit, infrastructures de transport, appui aux productions vĂ©gĂ©tales et animales â Ă lâorigine du dĂ©veloppement spectaculaire de la rĂ©gion, basĂ© sur lâessor des cultures maraĂźchĂšres destinĂ©es aux marchĂ©s de la capitale. Plus de trente ans aprĂšs ses dĂ©buts, le projet de Salagnac continue de porter ses fruits.A lâheure oĂč la rĂ©ussite de ce projet est mise en avant par le gouvernement, ce travail de recherche propose de comprendre les transformations de lâagriculture quâa permis ce projet et dâen Ă©valuer les effets afin de mesurer ses impacts sur le revenu des diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories dâagriculteurs et leur Ă©volution, les inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales et lâenvironnement. LâĂ©valuation repose sur la mesure du diffĂ©rentiel entre le scĂ©nario avec projet et celui qui aurait prĂ©valu en son absence, construit grĂące Ă une dĂ©marche comparative Ă partir dâautres rĂ©gions montagneuses du pays. Cette recherche a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur la base dâun travail de terrain minutieux comprenant la lecture de paysage et la conduite de cent cinquante entretiens approfondis auprĂšs dâagriculteurs ĂągĂ©s et en activitĂ©.Dans le contexte de libĂ©ralisation Ă©conomique des annĂ©es 1980, les agriculteurs ayant dĂ©marrĂ© la culture rĂ©munĂ©ratrice de chou primeur grĂące au projet ont Ă©tĂ© incitĂ©s Ă tirer parti de cet avantage comparatif en se spĂ©cialisant dans le maraichage. Cette spĂ©cialisation a cependant manifestĂ© ses limites Ă©conomiques et environnementales dans les annĂ©es 2000, dans un contexte macro-Ă©conomique dĂ©favorable.Le dĂ©veloppement de ces cultures Ă forte valeur ajoutĂ©e, qui sâest accompagnĂ© de lâaccroissement de la demande en travail journalier mieux rĂ©munĂ©rĂ© que dans le reste du pays, a permis dâaugmenter le revenu de lâensemble des agriculteurs, y compris pour les plus modestes dâentre eux qui ont pu ainsi poursuivre leur activitĂ© agricole, de maintenir un tissu rural dynamique et dâamĂ©liorer les conditions de vie dans la rĂ©gion. Il a nĂ©anmoins reposĂ© sur une forte intĂ©gration aux Ă©changes marchands qui a rendu ces exploitations particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rables Ă la volatilitĂ© des prix agricoles mondiaux. La comprĂ©hension des conditions Ă lâorigine de la rĂ©ussite et la pĂ©rennisation du projet de Salagnac met en lumiĂšre celles nĂ©cessaires Ă rĂ©unir pour reproduire ce type de dĂ©marche dans dâautres rĂ©gions du pays et contribue, de maniĂšre plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, Ă enrichir la rĂ©flexion sur les modalitĂ©s dâinterventions en matiĂšre de dĂ©veloppement agricole en HaĂŻti
Le projet de Salagnac, une dĂ©marche Ă lâorigine dâun dĂ©veloppement local rĂ©ussi du territoire
International audienceWhile main of interventions in Haiti have not made agriculture an economic driver in rural areas, Salagnac project which combined research, training and development has led to the development of agriculture and of the region as a whole, since the 1980s. Designed in close collaboration with farmers, this project proposed a systemic approach with actions articulated around access to water. It has enabled farmers to increase their incomes, to improve their living conditions, to diversify economic activities and to enrich intangible resources, all of which have facilitated the pursuit of peasant innovations.Alors que la majoritĂ© des interventions en HaĂŻti nâa pas rĂ©ussi Ă faire de lâagriculture un moteur Ă©conomique, le projet de Salagnac dont la dĂ©marche associait recherche, formation et dĂ©veloppement a permis le dĂ©veloppement de lâagriculture et du territoire dans son ensemble depuis les annĂ©es 1980. Conçu en Ă©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs, ce projet a proposĂ© une approche systĂ©mique avec des actions articulĂ©es autour de lâaccĂšs Ă lâeau. Il a permis lâaccroissement du revenu des agriculteurs, lâamĂ©lioration de leurs conditions de vie, la diversification des activitĂ©s Ă©conomiques et un enrichissement des ressources immatĂ©rielles, autant dâatouts qui ont facilitĂ© la poursuite des innovations paysannes
Stratégies paysannes de lutte contre la pauvreté et recherche de sources de revenus complémentaires, vers la pluriactivité
In recent decades, the impoverishment of Haitiâs farmers has resultedâfor the hardest hit among them, who can no longer make a living off the landâin dependence on non-agricultural sources of income. This paper draws on research work conducted in the Epin region, in Haitiâs Central Plateau. The agro-economic analysis carried out in this region sheds light on the context in which pluriactivity (making charcoal from trees bought standing, temporary jobs in Port-au-Prince and the region) has become the only way for the poorest families to survive. With access only to small parcels of land in the least fertile ecosystems, they cannot meet their food needs with their own farm produce. These extra-agricultural activities enable them to leverage the family work force, and perhaps a small amount of capital, and aimsâabove allâto supplement their diet
De l'eau pour qui et pour quoi ? RÎle de l'irrigation dans l'évolution de l'agriculture et les systÚmes de production actuels dans différents territoires du bassin Adour-Garonne
International audienceThe agrarian diagnosis carried out in four small agricultural regions in the Adour-Garonne basin with contrasting water resources shows that irrigation has played an important role in agricultural development, helping to maintain employment and certain sectors, and even developing them. This positive role is particularly noticeable in regions where access to water is secure and where high value-added contract crops have been established. Where resources are limited, access to water is uneven and the opportunities for exploiting water are more limited. In these regions, maize irrigation is tending to give way to new uses of water, opening the way for reflection on the adaptation of irrigated systems to climate change.ResumenEl diagnĂłstico agrario de cuatro pequeñas regiones agrĂcolas de la cuenca Adur-Garona con recursos hĂdricos contrastados demuestra que el regadĂo ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la agricultura, contribuyendo al mantenimiento del empleo y de determinados sectores, e incluso a su desarrollo. Este papel positivo es especialmente notable en las regiones donde el acceso al agua es seguro y donde se ha establecido una agricultura contractual de alto valor añadido. AllĂ donde los recursos son limitados, el acceso al agua es desigual y las posibilidades de explotaciĂłn son mĂĄs limitadas. En estas regiones, el regadĂo del maĂz tiende a dar paso a nuevas formas de utilizar el agua, lo que abre la vĂa a la reflexiĂłn sobre cĂłmo adaptar los sistemas de regadĂo al cambio climĂĄtico.Le diagnostic agraire de quatre petites rĂ©gions agricoles du bassin Adour-Garonne aux ressources en eau contrastĂ©es montre que l'irrigation a jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans le dĂ©veloppement agricole en contribuant au maintien de l'emploi et de certaines filiĂšres, voire leur dĂ©veloppement. Ce rĂŽle positif est particuliĂšrement sensible dans les rĂ©gions oĂč l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est sĂ©curisĂ© et oĂč des cultures contractuelles Ă forte valeur ajoutĂ©e ont pu ĂȘtre mises en place. LĂ oĂč les ressources sont limitĂ©es, l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est inĂ©gal et les possibilitĂ©s de valoriser l'eau plus restreintes. L'irrigation du maĂŻs tend Ă cĂ©der la place dans ces rĂ©gions Ă de nouvelles utilisations de l'eau qui ouvrent la voie Ă la rĂ©flexion sur l'adaptation des systĂšmes irriguĂ©s au changement climatique
De l'eau pour qui et pour quoi ? RÎle de l'irrigation dans l'évolution de l'agriculture et les systÚmes de production actuels dans différents territoires du bassin Adour-Garonne
The agrarian diagnosis carried out in four small agricultural regions in the Adour-Garonne basin with contrasting water resources shows that irrigation has played an important role in agricultural development, helping to maintain employment and certain sectors, and even developing them. This positive role is particularly noticeable in regions where access to water is secure and where high value-added contract crops have been established. Where resources are limited, access to water is uneven and the opportunities for exploiting water are more limited. In these regions, maize irrigation is tending to give way to new uses of water, opening the way for reflection on the adaptation of irrigated systems to climate change.ResumenEl diagnĂłstico agrario de cuatro pequeñas regiones agrĂcolas de la cuenca Adur-Garona con recursos hĂdricos contrastados demuestra que el regadĂo ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la agricultura, contribuyendo al mantenimiento del empleo y de determinados sectores, e incluso a su desarrollo. Este papel positivo es especialmente notable en las regiones donde el acceso al agua es seguro y donde se ha establecido una agricultura contractual de alto valor añadido. AllĂ donde los recursos son limitados, el acceso al agua es desigual y las posibilidades de explotaciĂłn son mĂĄs limitadas. En estas regiones, el regadĂo del maĂz tiende a dar paso a nuevas formas de utilizar el agua, lo que abre la vĂa a la reflexiĂłn sobre cĂłmo adaptar los sistemas de regadĂo al cambio climĂĄtico.Le diagnostic agraire de quatre petites rĂ©gions agricoles du bassin Adour-Garonne aux ressources en eau contrastĂ©es montre que l'irrigation a jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans le dĂ©veloppement agricole en contribuant au maintien de l'emploi et de certaines filiĂšres, voire leur dĂ©veloppement. Ce rĂŽle positif est particuliĂšrement sensible dans les rĂ©gions oĂč l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est sĂ©curisĂ© et oĂč des cultures contractuelles Ă forte valeur ajoutĂ©e ont pu ĂȘtre mises en place. LĂ oĂč les ressources sont limitĂ©es, l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est inĂ©gal et les possibilitĂ©s de valoriser l'eau plus restreintes. L'irrigation du maĂŻs tend Ă cĂ©der la place dans ces rĂ©gions Ă de nouvelles utilisations de l'eau qui ouvrent la voie Ă la rĂ©flexion sur l'adaptation des systĂšmes irriguĂ©s au changement climatique
De l'eau pour qui et pour quoi ? RÎle de l'irrigation dans l'évolution de l'agriculture et les systÚmes de production actuels dans différents territoires du bassin Adour-Garonne
International audienceThe agrarian diagnosis carried out in four small agricultural regions in the Adour-Garonne basin with contrasting water resources shows that irrigation has played an important role in agricultural development, helping to maintain employment and certain sectors, and even developing them. This positive role is particularly noticeable in regions where access to water is secure and where high value-added contract crops have been established. Where resources are limited, access to water is uneven and the opportunities for exploiting water are more limited. In these regions, maize irrigation is tending to give way to new uses of water, opening the way for reflection on the adaptation of irrigated systems to climate change.ResumenEl diagnĂłstico agrario de cuatro pequeñas regiones agrĂcolas de la cuenca Adur-Garona con recursos hĂdricos contrastados demuestra que el regadĂo ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la agricultura, contribuyendo al mantenimiento del empleo y de determinados sectores, e incluso a su desarrollo. Este papel positivo es especialmente notable en las regiones donde el acceso al agua es seguro y donde se ha establecido una agricultura contractual de alto valor añadido. AllĂ donde los recursos son limitados, el acceso al agua es desigual y las posibilidades de explotaciĂłn son mĂĄs limitadas. En estas regiones, el regadĂo del maĂz tiende a dar paso a nuevas formas de utilizar el agua, lo que abre la vĂa a la reflexiĂłn sobre cĂłmo adaptar los sistemas de regadĂo al cambio climĂĄtico.Le diagnostic agraire de quatre petites rĂ©gions agricoles du bassin Adour-Garonne aux ressources en eau contrastĂ©es montre que l'irrigation a jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans le dĂ©veloppement agricole en contribuant au maintien de l'emploi et de certaines filiĂšres, voire leur dĂ©veloppement. Ce rĂŽle positif est particuliĂšrement sensible dans les rĂ©gions oĂč l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est sĂ©curisĂ© et oĂč des cultures contractuelles Ă forte valeur ajoutĂ©e ont pu ĂȘtre mises en place. LĂ oĂč les ressources sont limitĂ©es, l'accĂšs Ă l'eau est inĂ©gal et les possibilitĂ©s de valoriser l'eau plus restreintes. L'irrigation du maĂŻs tend Ă cĂ©der la place dans ces rĂ©gions Ă de nouvelles utilisations de l'eau qui ouvrent la voie Ă la rĂ©flexion sur l'adaptation des systĂšmes irriguĂ©s au changement climatique