Outward FDI from China and its policy context

Since 2000, China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has grown at an accelerating rate as a result of a switch in government policy to strong encouragement of Chinese enterprises to "go global." The bulk of this investment has been into the primary and tertiary sectors, with relatively little so far going into manufacturing. Most has gone to Asia, but Chinese investment is now spreading throughout the world. The precise geographical distribution is veiled, as much of it passes through tax havens. The Government has been slow to tackle administrative obstacles to Chinese companies wishing to invest abroad, but has recently begun to relax them. The global crisis has presented opportunities for Chinese multinationals, which were less seriously affected than their counterparts in the developed world, to raise their stake in the world economy

Why and how least developed countries can receive more FDI to meet their development goals

The 48 least-developed countries (LDCs), most of them in sub-Saharan Africa and a few in Asia, need foreign direct investment (FDI) to help meet their development targets. The FDI they now receive, although inadequate, is enough to demonstrate that investors see potential in them. It is therefore realistic for LDCs to seek more FDI, but they need to enhance their investment environments to attract it in the much greater quantities required. Donors can help by targeting official development assistance (ODA) on investment in human capital and supporting governance improvements. Meanwhile, LDCs should establish effective investment promotion agencies (IPAs)

最不发达国家为什么能够以及如何获得更多FDI 以实现其发展目标

48个最不发达国家（LDCs）（其中大多数在撒哈拉以南的非洲，少数在亚洲），需要外国直接投资（FDI）以帮助实现其发展目标。他们现在所得的FDI虽并不充足，但足以表明投资者已发现其潜力。因此对于LDCs而言，寻求更多FDI是现实可行的。但他们需要改善自身投资环境，以吸引其所需的更多数量的FDI。通过针对人力资本投资的官方发展援助（ODA）以及支持治理的改善，捐助者可以有所助益。同时，LDCs应建立有效的投资促进机构（IPAs）

Inward FDI in China and its policy context

After opening its doors to foreign trade and investment in 1978, China has become the largest recipient of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) among developing and transition economies. The early policy of investment attraction by means of fiscal incentives and special economic zones has been relaxed now that many -- though still not all -- operating environment deficiencies have been effectively addressed and strong domestic enterprises have developed. While China remains the developing world's favorite investment destination, the government is adopting a more selective approach that may result in slower IFDI growth. Although the global crisis reduced FDI inflows to China, this impact was lower than in many other FDI destinations, and flows have recovered considerably

Why and how least developed countries can receive more FDI to meet their development goals

The 48 least-developed countries (LDCs), most of them in sub-Saharan Africa and a few in Asia, need foreign direct investment (FDI) to help meet their development targets. The FDI they now receive, although inadequate, is enough to demonstrate that investors see potential in them. It is therefore realistic for LDCs to seek more FDI, but they need to enhance their investment environments to attract it in the much greater quantities required. Donors can help by targeting official development assistance (ODA) on investment in human capital and supporting governance improvements. Meanwhile, LDCs should establish effective investment promotion agencies (IPAs)

What will an appreciation of China's currency do to inward and outward FDI?

A revaluation of the Chinese yuan would affect the country's inward and outward FDI, not just its exports and imports. The impact on FDI inflows to China would be both positive and negative. On the other hand, revaluation is likely to provide a strong boost to overseas investments by China's multinationals, which have been rising rapidly in recent years. Suspicions that China's outward FDI is politically motivated are not so far borne out by systematic evidence. The rest of the world should learn how to benefit from this investment, not try to raise protectionist barriers against it

人民币升值对内部和外部FDI有何影响？

中国人民币升值不仅会影响其进出口贸易，而且还会影响外国直接投资的流入与流出。外国直接投资的流入对中国的发展是一把双刃剑。另一方面，人民币升值很可能会有力地推动近年来数量迅速上升的中国跨国公司的海外投资。至今并没有有力的证据证明中国的对外直接投资是出于政治动机的。所以，世界各地应该学习如何从这种投资中受益，而不是试图设立针对其的保护性壁垒

Quantum response of dephasing open systems

We develop a theory of adiabatic response for open systems governed by Lindblad evolutions. The theory determines the dependence of the response coefficients on the dephasing rates and allows for residual dissipation even when the ground state is protected by a spectral gap. We give quantum response a geometric interpretation in terms of Hilbert space projections: For a two level system and, more generally, for systems with suitable functional form of the dephasing, the dissipative and non-dissipative parts of the response are linked to a metric and to a symplectic form. The metric is the Fubini-Study metric and the symplectic form is the adiabatic curvature. When the metric and symplectic structures are compatible the non-dissipative part of the inverse matrix of response coefficients turns out to be immune to dephasing. We give three examples of physical systems whose quantum states induce compatible metric and symplectic structures on control space: The qubit, coherent states and a model of the integer quantum Hall effect.Comment: Article rewritten, two appendices added. 16 pages, 2 figure

Complete Genome Sequences of Three Historically Important, Spatiotemporally Distinct, and Genetically Divergent Strains of Zika Virus: MR-766, P6-740, and PRVABC-59

Here, we report the 10,807-nucleotide-long consensus RNA genome sequences of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent Zika virus strains, with the functionality of their genomic sequences substantiated by reverse genetics: MR-766 (African lineage, Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Asian lineage, Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Asian lineage-derived American strain, Puerto Rico, 2015)

Factors used in the detection of elder financial abuse: A judgement and decision-making study of social workers and their managers

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2011 Sage Publications Ltd.Factors social workers use in practice to detect elder financial abuse are currently unknown. A critical incident technique was applied within a judgement analysis approach to elicit cue use. Only three factors were key to decision-making: who raises concern, the elder’s mental capacity and the nature of the financial anomaly occurring.Economic and Social Research Counci