Den materielle sannhets prinsipp - prinsippets vekt i dispositive saker i sivilprosessen

Avhandlingen vil tematisere spenningen som oppstår i balanseringen mellom prinsippet om materiell sannhet og andre prinsipper i de dispositive saker i sivilprosessen. Problemstillingen er om domstolens mulighet til å nå frem til et materielt riktig resultat i slike saker er underlagt for store begrensninger

Group-Specific Multiplex PCR Detection Systems for the Identification of Flying Insect Prey

<div><p>The applicability of species-specific primers to study feeding interactions is restricted to those ecosystems where the targeted prey species occur. Therefore, group-specific primer pairs, targeting higher taxonomic levels, are often desired to investigate interactions in a range of habitats that do not share the same species but the same groups of prey. Such primers are also valuable to study the diet of generalist predators when next generation sequencing approaches cannot be applied beneficially. Moreover, due to the large range of prey consumed by generalists, it is impossible to investigate the breadth of their diet with species-specific primers, even if multiplexing them. However, only few group-specific primers are available to date and important groups of prey such as flying insects have rarely been targeted. Our aim was to fill this gap and develop group-specific primers suitable to detect and identify the DNA of common taxa of flying insects. The primers were combined in two multiplex PCR systems, which allow a time- and cost-effective screening of samples for DNA of the dipteran subsection Calyptratae (including Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae), other common dipteran families (Phoridae, Syrphidae, Bibionidae, Chironomidae, Sciaridae, Tipulidae), three orders of flying insects (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Plecoptera) and coniferous aphids within the genus <i>Cinara</i>. The two PCR assays were highly specific and sensitive and their suitability to detect prey was confirmed by testing field-collected dietary samples from arthropods and vertebrates. The PCR assays presented here allow targeting prey at higher taxonomic levels such as family or order and therefore improve our ability to assess (trophic) interactions with flying insects in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.</p></div

Detection of flying insect prey DNA within dietary samples of different consumers (Linyphiidae, <i>Pardosa</i> spp.: whole body samples; <i>Nebria germari</i>, <i>N. jockischii</i>, <i>N. rufescens</i>, <i>Oreonebria castanea</i>: regurgitates; <i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i>: faecal samples) when tested with the newly developed multiplex PCR systems FLY-1 and FLY-2.

<p>See main text for details on the multiplex PCR systems.</p><p>Detection of flying insect prey DNA within dietary samples of different consumers (Linyphiidae, <i>Pardosa</i> spp.: whole body samples; <i>Nebria germari</i>, <i>N. jockischii</i>, <i>N. rufescens</i>, <i>Oreonebria castanea</i>: regurgitates; <i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i>: faecal samples) when tested with the newly developed multiplex PCR systems FLY-1 and FLY-2.</p

Gel image of PCR products amplified with the multiplex PCR systems FLY-1 and FLY-2 and separated with QIAxcel. FLY-1: Phoridae (Phor), Plecoptera (Plec), Tipulidae (Tipu), Sciaridae (Scia), Calyptratae (Calyp), artificial mix containing 300 double stranded (ds) templates per target.

<p>FLY-2: Syrphidae (Syrp), Hymenoptera (Hyme), Lepidoptera (Lepi), Bibionidae (Bibi), Chironomidae (Chiro), <i>Cinara</i> sp. (Cin.sp.), artificial mix with 250 ds templates per target. Note that an internal marker is run alongside each sample (15 and 3000 bp) and the scale on the left and right side, respectively, allows an estimation of fragment length. Sciaride may result in an additional weaker amplicon of ∼140 bp which is not interfering with another fragment in the system; the same applies for the long fragment that can be amplified from lepidopterans.</p

Differences in linyphiid spider species composition between three glacier foreland valleys for spiders collected in early (A) and late (B) pioneer stage.

<p>Langtal (LT), Rotmoostal (RM), Gaisbergtal (GB). Species codes: Dip.hel (<i>Diplocephalus helleri</i>), Eri.tir (<i>Erigone tirolensis</i>), Agy.nig (<i>Agyneta nigripes</i>), Mec.pae (<i>Mecynargus paetulus</i>), Mug.var (<i>Mughiphantes variabilis</i>), Rob.aru (<i>Robertus arundineti</i>), Wal.wig (<i>Walckenaera vigilax</i>), Jan.mon (<i>Janetschekia monodon</i>), Eri.atr (<i>Erigone atra</i>), Ent.med (<i>Entelecara media</i>).</p

The two primer mixes for the multiplex PCR systems.

<p>The two primer mixes for the multiplex PCR systems.</p

Procrustes analysis of the results of the Correspondence analysis of the morphological and molecular data.

<p>Species' centroids are represented by triangles and the areas by circles. Closed shapes are molecular data; open shapes are morphological data. Early pioneer stage (A). late pioneer stage (B). Langtal (LT), Rotmoostal (RM), Gaisbergtal (GB). Species codes: Dip.hel (<i>Diplocephalus helleri</i>), Eri.tir (<i>Erigone tirolensis</i>), Agy.nig (<i>Agyneta nigripes</i>), Mec.pae (<i>Mecynargus paetulus</i>), Mug.var (<i>Mughiphantes variabilis</i>), Rob.aru (<i>Robertus arundineti</i>), Wal.wig (<i>Walckenaera vigilax</i>), Jan.mon (<i>Janetschekia monodon</i>), Eri.atr (<i>Erigone atra</i>), Ent.med (<i>Entelecara media</i>).</p

Phylogram showing the main linyphiid species found in the pioneer stages of the three glacier forelands and <i>Pardosa nigra</i>.

<p>The numbers in brackets are the number of successfully sequenced individuals, providing a specific haplotype. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site.</p

foodweb data

foodweb dat

Rasoetal2013RscriptFig1

R script for Fig. 1. Percentage of individulas testing positive and calculation of 95% intervals