141 research outputs found

    RĂšglement des faillites et pratiques judiciaires

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    Qui dit faillite dit procĂ©dure judiciaire et examen de la comptabilitĂ©. Or la lĂ©gislation, le rĂŽle et la signification de la comptabilitĂ© ont connu d’importantes Ă©volutions au fil des siĂšcles. Pour comprendre ces mutations, qui ont pour consĂ©quence une judiciarisation des procĂ©dures et le passage Ă  une logique d’expertise, nous avons choisi de croiser analyses historique et comptable : l’étude est menĂ©e sur un temps long, de 1673, date de l’Ordonnance de commerce, premiĂšre unification du droit des marchands, Ă  1889, date de la loi qui crĂ©e la liquidation judiciaire, deux moments importants du droit des faillites. Dans ce cadre chronologique, deux angles d’approche sont privilĂ©giĂ©s : d’une part, les pratiques sociales et judiciaires, d’autre part, les pratiques comptables, autour de la figure clĂ© du syndic qui, de marchand Ă©lu parmi ses pairs Ă  la pluralitĂ© des voix, devient homme de loi, expert a priori indĂ©pendant.Bankruptcy implies the involvement of legal procedure and a comprehensive examination of accounting. Yet the legislation, the function and the meaning of accounting have changed over the last centuries. To understand these changes, which have resulted in the judicialisation of procedures and the transition to a logic of expertise, we have chosen to cross both historical and accounting analyses. Our study covers an extensive period: from 1673, the date of the first Ordonnance de commerce, which unified French mercantile law, to 1889, when the law creating the legal system of compulsory liquidation was established. Both dates are milestones in bankruptcy law. Within this chronological framework, we have given importance to two angles of approach. On the one hand, we examine social and judiciary practices; and on the other hand, we look into accounting practices, focusing on the key figure of the trustee. Once chosen by his peers in a plurality voting system, he became a court-appointed expert, with a priori independence

    Synthesis of new high molecular weight phosphorylated chitosans for improving corrosion protection

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    Two grades of chitosan [chitosan 30000 g mol−1 (N-chitosan 30) and 250000 g mol−1 (N-chitosan 250)] were functionalized by the Kabachnik–Fields reaction. To obtain the highest phosphonic ester grafting rate (55% and 40% for the N-chitosan 30 and N-chitosan 250, respectively), the pH must be kept constant during the reaction (pH=5). Then, a partial hydrolysis of the ester functions was carried out in HCl medium to generate phosphonic acid functions up to 25% and 20% for the N-chitosan 30 and N-chitosan 250, respectively. It was shown that the grafting of phosphonic acids on chitosan significantly reduced the dynamic viscosity. Afterwards, electrochemical impedance measurements were performed in an aqueous solution (pH=5) in the presence of either N-chitosans or P-chitosans (3 wt.%). The two native N-chitosans were little adsorbed onto the carbon steel surface and the corrosion protection was low. In contrast, the impedance results in the presence of the 30000 g mol−1 phosphorylated chitosan (P-chitosan 30) evidenced the beneficial effect of grafted phosphonic acid on its adsorption on the steel surface. The lower efficiency of the 250000 g mol−1 (P-chitosan 250) was attributed to its high molecular weight which made difficult the interactions between the phosphonic groups and the metallic surface

    Fully Automatic Lesion Localization and Characterization: Application to Brain Tumors Using Multiparametric Quantitative MRI Data

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    International audienceWhen analyzing brain tumors, two tasks are intrinsically linked, spatial localization and physiological characterization of the lesioned tissues. Automated data-driven solutions exist, based on image segmentation techniques or physiological parameters analysis, but for each task separately, the other being performed manually or with user tuning operations. In this work, the availability of quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) parameters is combined with advanced multivariate statistical tools to design a fully automated method that jointly performs both localization and characterization. Non trivial interactions between relevant physiological parameters are captured thanks to recent generalized Student distributions that provide a larger variety of distributional shapes compared to the more standard Gaussian distributions. Probabilistic mixtures of the former distributions are then considered to account for the different tissue types and potential heterogeneity of lesions. Discriminative multivariate features are extracted from this mixture modelling and turned into individual lesion signatures. The signatures are subsequently pooled together to build a statistical fingerprint model of the different lesion types that captures lesion characteristics while accounting for inter-subject variability. The potential of this generic procedure is demonstrated on a data set of 53 rats, with 36 rats bearing 4 different brain tumors, for which 5 quantitative MR parameters were acquired

    New bio-based phosphorylated chitosan/alginate protective coatings on aluminum alloy obtained by the LbL technique

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    Bio-based coatings were obtained by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique from a native chitosan (Mw ≈ 30,000 g mol−1) or from two synthesized phosphorylated chitosan of different molecular weights (Mw ≈ 30,000 g mol−1 and Mw ≈ 250,000 g mol−1) combined with alginate and used for corrosion protection of an aluminum alloy (AA) 3003. First, the LbL growth was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on silicon wafers. Cross-sections of Si wafers were examined by scanning electron microscopy allowing the films thickness to be measured. With the native chitosan and in the presence of 10 bilayers, the LbL thickness was about 200 nm, whereas it was about 300 nm with the phosphorylated chitosan of low molecular weight and about 500 nm with the phosphorylated chitosan of high molecular weight. Then, the bio-based coatings were deposited on the AA3003 by the LbL technique and their protective properties were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) during immersion in a 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution. It was shown that the three LbL coatings improved the corrosion resistance of the AA3003. The resistance values, extracted at low frequency on the impedance diagrams were attributed to the resistance of the aluminum oxide layer (Rox). The Rox values were at least two orders of magnitude higher for the coated samples (108 Ω cm2) compared to the uncoated one (5 105 Ω cm2). There was no significant difference between the different LbL coatings, which mainly acted by decreasing the active surface area and have a limited barrier effect

    An in situ intercomparison exercise on passive samplers for the monitoring of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides in surface water

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    An intercomparison exercise on passive samplers (PSs) was organized in summer 2010 for the measurement of selected metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides in surface waters. Various PSs were used and compared at 2 rivers sites and one marine lagoon. A total of 24 laboratories participated. We present selected significant outputs from this exercise, including discussion on quality assurance and quality control for PSs, the interlaboratory variability of field blanks, time weighted average water concentrations and its uncertainties, the representativity of DGT samples, the ability of PSs to lower limits of detection, PAH fingerprints in various PSs compared with spot samples, and the relevance of the permeability reference compounds (PRC) approach for POCIS with pesticides. These in situ intercomparison exercises should enable to progress on the harmonization of practices for the use of passive sampling, especially for priority chemical monitoring and regulatory programs in compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)

    A primeira partilha da África: decadĂȘncia e ressurgĂȘncia do comĂ©rcio portuguĂȘs na Costa do Ouro (ca. 1637-ca. 1700)

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    Intrahippocampale Transplantation von MSC und MSC-exprimierendem BDNF bei einem Tiermodell fĂŒr depressionsĂ€hnliches Verhalten in der Ratte

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    Early hypotheses on the pathophysiology of major Depression were based on aberrant intrasynaptic concentrations of the neurotransmitters Serotonin and Norepinephrine. However, a number of recent studies suggested that changes in hippocampal neuroplasticity may underlie the development of Depression and the recovery from disease. Moreover, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed as one of the most promising molecular targets to stimulate hippocampal neuroplasticity and to reverse Depression phenotypes. We hypothesized that intrahippocampal transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from bone marrow, which are genetically engineered to express BDNF, might offer a promising approach for the treatment of depression-like behaviour in rodents by increasing hippocampal neuroplasticity. We used two validated models of Depression: the Open Space Swim Test and the Learned Helplessness paradigm. In addition, a battery of behavioural tests was performed, namely screening of learning and memory with the 8-arm Radial Maze, locomotion with the Open Field test and anxiety with the Elevated plus Maze. MSC were labelled with a magnetic contrast agent (VSOP) and the transplanted cells were tracked in vivo using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). With the help of the thymidine analogues, BrdU and IdU, effects of MSC transplantation on hippocampal structural plasticity were assessed by determination of cell proliferation and survival in the Dentate Gyrus of the hippocampus. Intrahippocampal transplantation of MSC promoted long-term changes in hippocampal structural plasticity, but failed to provide antidepressant effects in both models of depression-like behaviour. The most likely explanation for our findings is the rapid immune rejection of the transplanted allogeneic MSC in the adult brain.AnfĂ€ngliche Hypothesen bezĂŒglich der Pathophysiologie von Depression basierten auf abweichender intrasynaptischer Konzentration der Neurotransmitter Serotonin und Noradrenalin. Eine Zahl neuerer Studien deutet jedoch daraufhin, dass VerĂ€nderungen in hippokampaler NeuroplastizitĂ€t der Entwicklung sowie auch der Genesung von Depression zugrunde liegen könnten. Weiterhin wurde BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) als eines der meistversprechenden molekularen Angriffsziele propagiert, welches hippokampale NeuroplastizitĂ€t stimuliert und Depressions-PhĂ€notypen umkehrt. Unsere Hypothese war, dass intrahippokampale Transplantation mesenchymatisch-stromaler Zellen (MSC) aus Knochenmark, die genetisch modifiziert wurden, um BDNF zu exprimieren, ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Behandlung von depressions-Ă€hnlichem Verhalten sein könnte. Wir benutzten zwei Depressions-Modelle: den Open-Space-Swim-Test und das Learned-Helplessness-Paradigma. ZusĂ€tzlich wurde eine Reihe behavioraler Tests durchgefĂŒhrt, d.h. Testen von Lernen und GedĂ€chtnis mit dem 8-Arm Radial-Maze, von Lokomotion mit dem Open-Field-Test und von Angst (oder Ängstlichkeit?) mit dem Elevated-Plus-Maze. MSC wurden mit einem magnetischen Kontrastmittel versehen (VSOP) und der Weg der transplantierten Zellen wurde in vivo mit Hilfe der Magnetresonanz-tomographie (MRT) verfolgt. Mit Hilfe der Thymidin-Analoga BrdU und IdU wurde der Effekt der MSC-Transplantation auf hippokampale strukturelle PlastizitĂ€t anhand der Zell-Proliferation und –Überlebensrate im Gyrus Dentatus des Hippokampus geschĂ€tzt. Intrahippokampale Transplantation von MSC begĂŒnstigte langfristige VerĂ€nderungen der hippokampalen strukturellen PlastizitĂ€t, aber konnte keine antidepressiven Effekte in einem der beiden Modelle fĂŒr depressions-Ă€hnliches Verhalten aufweisen. Die wahrscheinlichste ErklĂ€rung dafĂŒr ist die schnell erfolgte Immunabwehr der transplantierten allogenenen MSC im Gehirn der adulten Ratte

    Uncoupling between striatal dopamine transporter and glucose metabolism in diet induced obesity

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    International audienceUncoupling between striatal dopamine transporter and glucose metabolism in diet induced obesity. 27th International Symposium on Cerebral Blood Flow, Metabolism and Function / 12th International Conference on Quantification of Brain Function with PE

    Neurosciences

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    Richement illustré et particuliÚrement pédagogique, cet ouvrage, un classique du domaine, accompagné de ses compléments en ligne est la référence en neurosciences pour tout étudiant en psychologie et sciences cognitives, médecine et biologie

    Exercices d'intercomparaison in situ des échantillonneurs intégratifs. Application pour l'échantillonnage de métaux, d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et de pesticides

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    [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]BELCACe rapport final prĂ©sente le cahier des charges et l'organisation pour la rĂ©alisation d'exercices d'intercomparaison d'Ă©chantillonneurs intĂ©gratifs in situ, ainsi qu’une synthĂšse sur les rĂ©sultats obtenus et les produits de valorisation et de diffusion de ces rĂ©sultats. Il s'agit d'exercices collaboratifs entre laboratoires experts pour Ă©valuer l'applicabilitĂ© des Ă©chantillonneurs intĂ©gratifs dans le cadre des programmes de surveillance de la Directive cadre sur l’eau (DCE). Les campagnes d'Ă©chantillonnage se sont dĂ©roulĂ©es entre avril et juillet 2010 pour la mesure de plusieurs familles de substances prioritaires dans des eaux de surface : hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), pesticides et mĂ©taux. Les outils testĂ©s incluent des POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler), SPMD (Semi-Permeable membrane Device), membranes (LDPE, silicone), Chemcatcher, MESCO (Membrane-Enclosed Sorptive Coating) pour les contaminants organiques et la DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film) pour les mĂ©taux. Deux sites d'eaux douces (Beillant, Charente maritime et Ternay, RhĂŽne) et un site d'eaux marines (Thau, HĂ©rault) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©chantillonnĂ©s. Au total, 24 laboratoires ont participĂ© Ă  l'exercice, dont 13 laboratoires Ă©trangers. Les durĂ©es d'exposition ont Ă©tĂ© fixĂ©es Ă  7 jours pour les mĂ©taux, 14 jours pour les pesticides et 21 jours pour les HAP. Les Ă©chantillonneurs ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©s en triplicats afin d'estimer la rĂ©pĂ©tabilitĂ© de l'Ă©chantillonnage. Pour Ă©valuer la pertinence de ces Ă©chantillonneurs intĂ©gratifs, des laboratoires rĂ©fĂ©rents Ă©taient responsables de l’analyse des molĂ©cules dans les Ă©chantillons d'eaux collectĂ©s pendant les campagnes de terrain. Par ailleurs, pour avoir des Ă©lĂ©ments d'interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats, nous avons mesurĂ© rĂ©guliĂšrement la vitesse du courant, la tempĂ©rature et les paramĂštres physico-chimiques du milieu. Enfin, nous avons mis en place des contrĂŽles qualitĂ©, notamment pour contrĂŽler l’étape finale d’analyse des laboratoires participants. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus apportent des Ă©lĂ©ments sur l’évaluation des concentrations dans l’eau moyennĂ©e sur la durĂ©e d’exposition et leurs variabilitĂ©s, la comparaison entre diffĂ©rents outils d’échantillonnage intĂ©gratifs et avec un Ă©chantillonnage classique ponctuel en terme d’empreinte de contamination, de limite de quantification et de fraction Ă©chantillonnĂ©e. Afin de promouvoir ces outils d’échantillonnage, nous pensons qu’il est nĂ©cessaire de statuer plus clairement sur ce qu’ils permettent de faire et aussi sur ce qu’ils ne permettent pas de faire ; de mieux dĂ©finir quel(s) Ă©chantillonneur(s) intĂ©gratif(s) pour quel(s) objectif(s). Pour Ă©tendre leur utilisation en routine, nous estimons qu’il manque encore de protocoles dĂ©taillĂ©s sur leur utilisation avec description des contrĂŽles qualitĂ© ou de la dĂ©marche qualitĂ© Ă  suivre ; et, si l’objectif est d’évaluer une concentration dans l’eau moyennĂ©e sur la durĂ©e d’exposition, sur les PRC Ă  utiliser et les modĂšles/Ă©quations Ă  appliquer. Ces exercices d’intercomparaison donnent des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponse et des pistes Ă  suivre pour favoriser l’utilisation plus large de ces outils dans le cadre de programme de surveillance des eaux. Ces exercices d'intercomparaison permettent Ă©galement de donner des Ă©lĂ©ments complĂ©mentaires au livrable AQUAREF 2011 sur "l'applicabilitĂ© des Ă©chantillonneurs intĂ©gratifs dans le cadre de la surveillance DCE"
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