123 research outputs found

    Un análisis exploratorio de la relación entre pobreza multidimensional y conflicto armado : el caso de Antioquia en Colombia

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    RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza la relación entre pobreza y conflicto armado en Antioquia, Colombia. El análisis de la pobreza está enmarcado en el enfoque de las capacidades de Sen, el cual conforma la base conceptual del índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) desarrollado por Alkire y Foster. El IPM es calculado con información derivada de la base de datos Sisbén, la cual se utiliza para seleccionar la población atendida por los programas de asistencia social del Gobierno colombiano. Este artículo consideró tres dimensiones de pobreza: estándares de vida, salud, y educación. El conflicto armado fue medido por medio de datos de conteo acerca de la ocurrencia de eventos de violencia registrados entre 1996 y 2010 en cada municipalidad de Antioquia. Luego, la relación entre la pobreza y el conflicto armado se analizó mediante métodos exploratorios y no paramétricos como las distribuciones kernel. Los resultados sugieren que el IPM es robusto con respecto a la elección del umbral de pobreza multidimensional. Los mapas de caja y bigotes sugieren que los pobres están localizados en las regiones periféricas de Antioquia. Las distribuciones kernel muestran que las áreas más afectadas por el conflicto, usualmente, tienen altos niveles de pobreza multidimensional.ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the relationship between poverty and armed conflict in Antioquia, Colombia. The poverty analysis it uses is framed according to Sen’s capability approach, which constitutes the conceptual basis for the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) subsequently developed by Alkire and Foster. The MPI is measured employing data from the government database SISBEN, which is used by the Colombian authorities to identify beneficiaries of social assistance programmes. The paper considers three poverty dimensions: living standards, health, and education. Armed conflict is measured using count data on violent events recorded for every municipality in the Department of Antioquia between 1996 and 2010. The relationship between poverty and armed conflict is then analysed using exploratory and non-parametric methods such as kernel distributions. Results suggest that the MPI is robust when compared multidimensional cutoffs. The MPI box-plot maps suggest that poor people are located in Antioquia’s peripheral areas. Kernel distributions show that areas most affected by conflict tend to show higher levels of multidimensional poverty

    Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and chromogenic in situ hybridization: precise methods to detect HER-2 status in breast carcinoma

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>HER-2 </it>gene testing has become an integral part of breast cancer patient diagnosis. The most commonly used assay in the clinical setting for evaluating HER-2 status is immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence <it>in situ </it>hybridization (FISH). These procedures permit correlation between <it>HER-2 </it>expression and morphological features. However, FISH signals are labile and fade over time, making post-revision of the tumor difficult. CISH (chromogenic <it>in situ </it>hybridization) is an alternative procedure, with certain advantages, although still limited as a diagnostic tool in breast carcinomas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To elucidate the molecular profile of HER-2 status, mRNA and protein expression in 75 invasive breast carcinomas were analyzed by real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and IHC, respectively. Amplifications were evaluated in 43 of these cases by CISH and in 11 by FISH.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The concordance rate between IHC and qRT-PCR results was 78.9%, and 94.6% for qRT-PCR and CISH. Intratumoral heterogeneity of <it>HER-2 </it>status was identified in three cases by CISH. The results of the three procedures were compared and showed a concordance rate of 83.8%; higher discordances were observed in 0 or 1+ immunostaining cases, which showed high-level amplification (15.4%) and <it>HER-2 </it>transcript overexpression (20%). Moreover, 2+ immunostaining cases presented nonamplified status (50%) by CISH and <it>HER-2 </it>downexpression (38.5%) by qRT-PCR. In general, concordance occurred between qRT-PCR and CISH results. A high concordance was observed between CISH/qRT-PCR and FISH. Comparisons with clinicopathological data revealed a significant association between <it>HER-2 </it>downexpression and the involvement of less than four lymph nodes (<it>P </it>= 0.0350).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Based on these findings, qRT-PCR was more precise and reproducible than IHC. Furthermore, CISH was revealed as an alternative and useful procedure for investigating amplifications involving the <it>HER-2 </it>gene.</p

    Movimento Negro Unificado Contra a Discriminação Racial (1982)

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    Trecho do livro: GONZALEZ, Lélia. HASENBALG, Carlos.&nbsp;Lugar de negro.&nbsp;Rio de Janeiro: Marco Zero, Coleção 2 Pontos, v.3, p.43-51, 1982
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